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plants Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Briefly describe a bryophyte’s living conditions and its dominant stage in the life cycles.
A

male gametes require water for swimming to reach the egg,
Bryophytes, such as moss, have a dominant haploid gametophyte stage,.

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2
Q
  1. Why are ferns less restricted to moist areas, but still need water for their lifecycle so much?
A

need for flagellated sperm to swim to the egg and for spores to germinate in moist environments.

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3
Q
  1. How have (vascular) land plants adapted to life with less water?
A

developing gametes that do not require water for transport

producing seeds with resistant coats

having a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

possessing a root system to search for water underground..

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4
Q
  1. What are the primary roles of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers?
A

The primary roles of roots are water uptake and nutrient absorption, stems provide support and transportation, leaves perform photosynthesis, and flowers are reproductive structures attracting pollinators.

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5
Q
  1. What is the function of the epidermis?
A

The epidermis functions to protect the inner tissues of the plant, similar to how the skin (epidermis) protects humans. The epidermis also serves to protect against bacteria and fungi.

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6
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Gas exchange

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7
Q

What are the three things necessary for photosynthesis to move through the stomata? Which direction do they move?

A

Carbon dioxide in, oxygen out, water out.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

Prevent water loss

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9
Q

What organelle would you expect to find a lot of in the mesophyll?

A

chloroplasts

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10
Q

Which layer of the mesophyll would you expect to find more of this organelle? Why is it found in this layer?

A

Palisade mesophyll since it is near the top of the leaf, closest to where the sunlight would enter the leaf.

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11
Q

. What might be the reason for the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll?

A

to store carbon dioxide and allow for the collection and release of oxygen.

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12
Q

What tissues of the leaf are continuous with those in the stem and root and what function do they serve?

A

Xylem and phloem to transport water and sucrose.

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13
Q

What two tissues are found in the vascular bundle

A

Xylem and phloem

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14
Q

What material necessary for photosynthesis is the xylem bringing to the leaf?

A

water

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15
Q

What material is the phloem transporting?

A

sucrose

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16
Q

What is the function of the epidermis in roots?

A

The epidermis of roots protects the inner tissues and aids in water and mineral absorption.

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17
Q

Why are root hairs only one cell thick?

A

This increases surface area and allows for
easy diffusion across one cell.

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18
Q

Summarize the difference in the vascular bundle arrangement between monocots
and dicots stems.

A

monocots- scattered throughout stem
dicot- arranged around the edge of stem

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19
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary xylem?

A

Primary xylem is
from the first growth (vertical growth) and secondary xylem occurs during the second stage of growth (lateral growth)

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20
Q

What is “wood” made up of?

A

Primary and secondary xylem

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21
Q

What is “bark” made up of?

A

Phloem, cortex, cork cambium, cork

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22
Q

What is the primary role of leaves in a plant?

A

conduct photosynthesis to make
food (glucose) for the plant

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23
Q

What are the structural differences between dicot and monocot leaves? Which
structures are different? If you are looking at a leaf, how can you tell whether it is
from a dicot or a monocot?

A

Dicot leaves- have vascular bundles arranged in varying sizes and contain a palisade mesophyll layer

monocot leaves- similarly sized vascular bundles and lack a distinct palisade mesophyll layer.

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24
Q

Where in the leaf does the majority of photosynthesis take place? Which organelle would you expect to find in high concentrations here?

A

Palisade mesophyll

Chloroplasts

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25
Q

Explain the exchange of gases in the leaf. How is it structurally adapted to minimize water loss, since gas exchange and transpiration happen at the same
location.

A

Gas exchange occurs across stomata that have guard cells that can open and close to minimize water loss.

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26
Q

. What structural adaptations do leaves have for plants that allow them to live in drier/wetter areas or combat herbivores? List some, and why they help the plant.

A

Waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, trichomes to slow air flow over the leaf to minimize water loss

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27
Q

. What are the primary roles of the stem in a vascular plant?

A

provide support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds

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28
Q

How are the vascular bundles different between monocots and dicots? How are
they arranged?

A

Vascular bundles are arranged at the edge for dicots

scattered throughout the stem for monocots.

29
Q

What is bark in a woody vascular plant? What function does it play?

A

bark protects the plant against physical
damage and helps reduce water loss.

30
Q

How are the pith and cortex different in terms of where they are located in a
plant’s stem?

A

pith is located in the center of a stem

cortex is located below the epidermis, outside of the vascular bundles

31
Q

How is softwood different than hardwoods in terms of their structure? Why is there such a difference?

A

Softwood is taken from coniferous (cone bearing) trees with needles.
Hardwood is taken from deciduous trees that are leaf bearing

32
Q

How are root cross sections different between monocots and dicots?

A

monocot- have xylem and phloem in a ring around a pith

dicot- xylem and phloem in the centre with no pith

33
Q

What is the role of cortex cells in the roots? Why are they so grainy in the
stained slides?

A

Cortex stores the starch. The grains are starch grains (stored
food)

34
Q

How is a taproot different than a fibrous root? Explain which would be better for areas of less rain. Why would you say this?

A

Tap roots grow straight down and can search for water deep in the earth

fibrous roots grow more toward the surface in every direction and are usually shallow.

35
Q

Water is said to be adhesive and cohesive; what does this mean?

A

Water adheres to surfaces (can adhere to the sides of a small narrow tube), and it is cohesive meaning it attracts other water molecules through hydrogen bonding

36
Q

How does capillary action work?

A

occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than cohesive forces between the liquid molecules

37
Q

Describe how water enters a root.

A

through root hairs

38
Q

What is root pressure? How high up a plant can this push water?

A

built up pressure in plant roots that pushes water upwards

39
Q

What is the difference between transpiration and translocation?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water through stomata

Translocation is the movement of sugar
from the leaf to the roots.

40
Q

What are the structural components of xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem: tracheids,vessel elements,
Phloem: companion cells, sieve tube elements.

41
Q

Why is it said that xylem is “dead” and phloem is alive?

A

Xylem and phloem are
created by vascular cambium and when created, are living.

When xylem is used
to transport water it is a dead cell.

Phloem on the other hand is living when it is
functional (in use as a transport cell).

42
Q
  1. What is the reproductive organ in angiosperms?
A

Flowers contain the plant’s reproductive structures.

43
Q

What are the male and female parts of the flower?

A

stamen is the male part

pistil is the female part

44
Q

Explain the role of flowers/seeds/fruit in angiosperm reproduction.

A

Flowers attract pollinators for cross-pollination

forming seeds within fruits.

Animals help disperse the seeds by either eating the fruit and excreting the seeds far away or by burying the fruit, allowing the seeds to germinate.

45
Q

What do we call the reproductive parts in gymnosperms?

A

cones

46
Q

Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

A

Self-pollination- plant’s own pollen fertilizes its egg,

cross-pollination- pollen from another plant (of the same
species) fertilizes its egg.

47
Q

List some of the ways that seeds/fruits can be dispersed

A

wind, attachment of an animal, being carried elsewhere, carried by ocean

48
Q

What is meant by “vegetative propagation”

A

form of asexual
reproduction that is from a fragment of the plant.

49
Q

what is cutting

A

taking a piece of a plant, growing roots from it, and planting it to create a new plant

50
Q

what is grafting

A

attaching a desired plant part to the stem of another plant with a good root system. allows the combined plant to grow with the desired qualities.

51
Q

what are cutting and grafting used for

A

used to quickly clone plants without having to germinate from a seed.

52
Q

What tradeoff does a plant face by opening its stomata?

A

plant can obtain the carbon dioxide it needs, but it loses
water. So when it has enough CO2 it will shut the stomata so that it won’t dry out.

53
Q

Why do plants in high carbon dioxide environments tend to have fewer stomata?

A

carbon-dioxide-rich = each individual stoma will be able to bring in more carbon dioxide.

fewer stomata open = less water loss (good thing)

54
Q

How does carbon dioxide level affect global temperatures?

A

Lower carbon dioxide levels creates cooler global temperatures.
Higher carbon dioxide levels creates warmer global temperatures.

55
Q

how does auxin affect the growth of the plant

A

-functions in phototropism and gravitropism
-stem elongation, root growth

56
Q

what is cytokinins and how does it affect the growth of the plant

A

-promotes cell differentiation
-delays the aging of leaves and fruit

57
Q

how does gibberellins affect the growth of the plant

A

-promotes seed and bud germination
-stem elongation
-flowering and fruit development

58
Q

how does ethylene affect the growth of the plant

A
  • ripens fruit
59
Q

how does abscisic acid affect the growth of the plant

A

-inhibits growth
-closes stomata during water stress
-promotes seed dormancy

60
Q

what does phototropism respond to and where do you see this kind of tropism

A

light, seen in stem/shoots

61
Q

what does gravitropism respond to and where do you see this kind of tropism

A

gravity, roots show a positive reaction to gravitropism, stem show negative reaction to gravitropism

62
Q

what does thigmotropism respond to and where do you see this kind of tropism

A

touch, seen in vines that twist around a building

63
Q

what is a gymnosperm

A

non-flowering, coniferous plants with naked seeds

64
Q

what is an angiosperm

A

flowering, deciduous plants that produce fruit to encase their seeds

65
Q

how do gymnosperms rely on pollination

A

wind

66
Q

how do angiosperms rely on pollination

A

animals/insects

67
Q

what is a monocot plant

A

one cotlyledon

68
Q

what is a dicot plant

A

two cotyledons

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