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Bio > plants > Flashcards

plants Flashcards

1
Q

functions of a root system

A

Anchors
Absorption
Transportation
storage

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2
Q

structure of a root system

A

Xylem - water and minerals to roots and leaves, vascular tissue, going upwards from root
Phloem - sugars from leaves to roots, going downwards to roots from leaves after photosynthesis to store sugars

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3
Q

root types

A

Taproot- root vegetables (carrots, parsnips, beets)
Fibrous
Adventitious/ prop - roots start higher up and “prop” up the plant

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4
Q

function of a shoot system

A

Support leaves
Grows toward light
Transports substances btw roots and leaves

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5
Q

what are the 2 kinds of structures of a shoot system??

A

woody

herbaceous

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6
Q

describe herbaceous monocot

A

Vascular Bundles are scattered throughout the stem, ex: Corn

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7
Q

describe herbaceous dicot

A

Vascular Bundles are in a ring

Thin layer of tissue called the vascular cambium in between xylem and phloem, ex: Hollow Stem (Buttercup)

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8
Q

woody stems contain

A

vascular cambium, sapwood, heartwood, resin/oils, cork/bark, outer ring

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9
Q

describe vascular cambium

A

continuous cylinder of meristematic cells surrounding xylem and pith
produces 2ndary xylem and phloem (annually)
jams indiv vascular bundles together

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10
Q

describe sapwood

A

newly formed xylem
conducts water and minerals
outer wood lying btw cambium and heartwood

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11
Q

describe heartwood

A

older xylem
filled w resins, oils, complex chemicals that resist decay
cannot conduct fluids

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12
Q

describe resin/oils

A

hydrocarbon secretion of many plants

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13
Q

cork/bark

A

dead tissue, protective layer, insulation

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14
Q

outer ring

A

newer ring

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15
Q

function of leaves

A

photosynthesis - use CO2, produes O2 and glucose
provides food and O2
use up CO2

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16
Q

structure of leaves is designed to

A

capture maximum light and minimize water loss

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17
Q

describe cuticle

A

waterproof surface of epidermis

waxy shiny appearance

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18
Q

describe epidermis

A

dermal tissue

skin of leaf

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19
Q

describe palisade layer

A

mesophyll
ground tissue
where photosynthesis takes place
green

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20
Q

describe spongy mesophyll

A

more spaced out mesophyll

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21
Q

describe vascular bundles

A

veins, xylem and phloem

each vein extends across leaf and contains x n p

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22
Q

describe chlorophyll

A

plastids

colour pigment

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23
Q

describe turgor pressure

A

makes plants turgid/strong, crisp and firm if high

lack of pressure makes them flaccid or wilty

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24
Q

describe stoma and guard cells

A

when skin cells swell, stoma closes to store water

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25
Q

angiosperms are….

A

flowering plants
monocot or dicot
have at least 1 leaf or cotyledon

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26
Q

a seed is made up of

A

seed coat
embryo
endosperm

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27
Q

describe monocot

A 
1 cot
parallel veins
VBs arranged complexly
FIBROUS root system
floral parts in multiples of 3
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28
Q

describe dicot

A 
2 cots
net like veins
VBs arranged in a ring
taproot system
floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
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29
Q

define tissues

A

group of identical cells, act together to carry out specific function

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30
Q

4 types of tissues

A

vascular
ground
meristematic
protective

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31
Q

vascular tissue consists of

A

xylem
phloem
vessel elements
tracheids

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32
Q

explain vessel elemet

A

made of dead cells
straws connected end to end (perfora) and side by side (pit)
only in angiosperms

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33
Q

explain tracheid

A

smaller version of vessel elements

gymnos only have these, some angiosperms

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34
Q

explain phloem in vascular tissue

A

sieve tube, interconnected w perforations
no nuclei
companion cells
ACTIVELY transports sugars into and out of sieve tubes

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35
Q

ground tissue has 3 parts: list them

A

parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma

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36
Q

describe parenchyma

A 
alive and thin celled
most abundant
for support
stores food and water
photosynthetic
skin of apples, potatoes
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37
Q

describe collenchyma

A

alive and thick celled
rigid vers of parenchyma
structural support
where rapid growth (mitosis) occurs

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38
Q

describe sclerenchyma

A

dead and thick celled
dead parenchyma
structural support

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39
Q

describe meristematic primary growth

A

takes place in apical meristem found @ tips of roots, stems, leaves
vertical

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40
Q

describe meristematic secondary growth

A

lateral
vascular cambium grows new x n p
cork cambium grows new bark/cork

41
Q

2 parts of protective tissue are

A

epidermis

cork

42
Q

describe epidermis

A 
1 cell thick
outer covering
waterproofing via cuticle leaves + stems
protects roots from bacteria
alive
43
Q

describe cork

A

3+ cell layers thick
initial barrier
waterproofs stems only not alive

44
Q

describe photosynthesis

A

occurs in chloroplast
light dependant rxn
2 satges - light rxns and calvin cyle

45
Q

describe stroma

A

cytoplasm of organelle, filler substance, vitamins and nutrients

46
Q

describe thylakoid

A

sub-organelle inside chloro where light rxn takes place

47
Q

_______ __________ takes place within thylakoid membrane

A

light reactions

48
Q

light reactions use _______ ________ to:

A

solar energy:
split H20 into H+, elec, and O2
excite electrons within chloro that sets offa series of rxns that create high energy compounds
H+ leave thyla membrane, CO2 enters stroma

49
Q

describe the calvin cycle

A

takes place within stroma
uses high energy compounds from light rxns to drive the cycle
CO2 combines w intermediate compounds to form glucose

50
Q

what is ATP

A

type of energy
the molecule of energy
created in cellular respiration

51
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis/ cellular respiration

A

Water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen

6 H20 + 6 CO2 → 6 C6H1206 + 6 O2

52
Q

water transport: ______ hairs absorb __________ via __________ transport, glucose stored in roots produces _______ via __________ ___________

A 
root
minerals
active
energy
cellular respiration
53
Q

water transport: ________ pumped from epidermis to _____ to endodermis to ________

A

minerals
cortex
xylem

54
Q

water transport: sets up ___________ condition, water rushes in via _________

A

hypertonic

osmosis

55
Q

describe osmosis

A

flow of water from high concentration to low concentration, no energy required

56
Q

_______ __________: root pressure builds up and pushes minerals up _________

A

water pressure

xylem

57
Q

describe hypertonic

A

more solute (relative to other side of a membrane)

58
Q

describe hypotonic

A

less solute (relative to other side of a membrane)

59
Q

describe isotonic

A

same solute on either side of membrane

60
Q

leaf pull is also known as

A

transpiration/evaporation pull

61
Q

leaf pull/ transpiration/evaporation pull is

A

the evaporation of water “pulls” on adjacent water molecules (water is cohesive/attracted to each other) and adhesive 2 surface

62
Q

explain Bernoulli’s principle

A

breeze blows by leaves creating low pressure

water and minerals in roots in area of high pressure

63
Q

explain the Pressure-flow theory

A

sugar actively transported from leaves into phloem
sets up hypertonic condition (osmosis)
area of HP w respect 2 roots
phloem sap pushed down, stored in roots

64
Q

what are the 3 requirements of photosyn?

A

water
carbon dioxide
sunlight

65
Q

N, P, K, Ca, Mg are all ________

A

macronutrients (plants need more of them)

66
Q

nitrogens benefits 2 plants

A

overall growth and chloro structure

67
Q

phosphorus benefits 2 plants

A

root and flower growth

68
Q

K benefits 2 plants

A

root preservation, disease prevention, quality of fruit

69
Q

Ca benefits 2 plants

A

cell wall - strength of plant

70
Q

Mg benefits 2 plants

A

chloro structure

71
Q

Fe, Zn and Cu are all __________

A

micronutrients

72
Q

Fe benefits 2 plants

A

chloro sturcture

73
Q

Zn benefits 2 plants

A

regulation of plant growth

74
Q

Cu benefits 2 plants

A

reproduction, root metabolism

75
Q

list 2 organic fertilizers

A

sheep and cow manure

mulch and compost

76
Q

list a non-organic fertilizer

A

N-P-K

3 numbers

77
Q

seed _________: when conditions are right……. _______ is released!

A

germination

gibberellin

78
Q

when gibberellin is released: what happens?

A

enzymes b.d. starch
hypertonic condit, water rushes in
seed coat bursts
cellular respiration begins

79
Q

seed germination: when cellular respiration begins:

A

radicle pushes down 2 form roots
hypocotyl pushes up 2 form stem
epicotyl and cotyledon grows upward 2 form leaves

80
Q

plant adaptations: in the desert

A

leaves w thin, thick cuticle
photosynth stems
extensive root systems
rapid development during rainy season

81
Q

plant adaptations: in wetland

A

floating leaves
stomata on upper epidermis
hollow stem 4 buoyancy and diffusion of gases
floating seeds

82
Q

plant adaptations: in fire-prone areas

A

ashes neutralize acidic soils
extr. heat opens tough seed coats
few competitors

83
Q

plant adaptations: in extr cold

A

longer dormant per
deciduous trees lose leaves
flowers act as solar collectors (concentrates solar rays on ovaries, rapid reproduction, nutrient poor soil)

84
Q

carnivorous in extreme cold

A

capture, kill and digest insects
acquire N, P and K
venus fly trap, pitcher plant

85
Q

parasitic in extr cold

A

absorb water, minerals and sugars from xylem and phloem

mistletoe

86
Q

plant adaptations: in the shade

A

bloom early

rapid growth

87
Q

list all the plant horomones

A 
auxin
gibberellins
cytokinins
ethylene
abscisic acid
88
Q

auxin (iaa)

A

bends stem towards light
downward root away from light
plant grows tall and straight
prevents leaves from falling

89
Q

gibberellins

A

promo seed germination
promo stem, root and leaf growth
promo flower development (commercially used 2 make food bigger)

90
Q

cytokinins

A

promo division and differentiation of cells
promo s. germ
promo flowering
prevent aging (commercially added 2 anti aging products)

91
Q

ethylene

A

ripens fruit

plants picked b4 ripe, sprayed w ethylene 2 ripen en route

92
Q

abscisic acid (aba)

A

inhibits growth
induces dormancy
causes leaves to fall
works against cytokinins

93
Q

what is tropism?

A

growth of plant in response 2 external stimuli

94
Q

what is positive tropism and neg trop

A

(+) growth in direction of stimulus

(-) growth in direction opposite of stimulus

95
Q

phototropism

A

light
root -
shoot +

96
Q

gravitropism

A

gravity
root +
shoot -

97
Q

thigmotropism

A

touch

shoot +

98
Q

hydrotropism

A

water

root +

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