Plasma Protein Systems, Cytokines and Inflammation Outcomes

Question 1

3 things that cause inflammation to occur

Answer 1

Plasma protein systems activated (classical, coagulation, kinin)

Mast cell degranulation

Cellular damage

Question 2

Plasma proteins are products of the ___. They circulate where?? and what kind of cascade

Answer 2

They are products of the liver that circulate in the blood and cause an enzyme cascade.

Question 3

What plasma protein system has the hageman factor and what does it activate?

Answer 3

Coagulation and activates complement and kinin.

Question 4

3 main outcomes of the complement system

Answer 4

Chemotaxis, anaphylaxis (mast cell degran), killing cells by MAC and opsonization by C3B

Question 5

How is the classical pathway of complement activated

Answer 5

Activated by antibody, antigen complex. Involves adaptive immune system. Activates C1 to start cascade, which is a pro-enzyme.

Question 6

Which two PPS systems have pro-enzymes

Answer 6

Complement and coagulation

Question 7

How is the lectin pathway of complement activated

Answer 7

Similar to the classical pathway. activated due to MBL

Question 8

How is the alternative pathway of complement activated

Answer 8

Activated by binding to pathogen antigens. Binds free floating Cb3 (opsonin) to create C3 converts.

Question 9

Complement cascade products

Answer 9

C3A and C5A:
Anaphylaxin (mast cell degran)
Chemotaxis

C3B:
Opsonization by alternative pathway

C5B and C6-C9
MAC

Question 10

What happens if the complement system has a hard time shutting off?

Answer 10

Hereditary angioedema

Question 11

Two parts of the coagulation system

Answer 11

Intrinsic pathway: Slower. Activated by endothelial damage/bleeding and platelets.

Extrinsic pathway: Activated by external damage and tissue factor.

Both result in activation of fibrinogen (soluble) to fibrin (insoluble).

Also has the hagemen factor that activates the kinin and complement system.

Question 12

What is the result of the coagulation system

Answer 12

Forms a fibrinous meshwork.

helps stop bleeding, lays framework for repair, traps pathogens.

Question 13

What is the kinin system and how is it activated?

Answer 13

Activated by bleeding. Results in the release of bradykinin, similar to histamine. Induces pain by sensitizing free nerve endings. Vasodilator and causes endothelial contraction and capillary permeability.

Question 14

All cytokines are ___ and act on ____

Answer 14

Pleiotropic. Effect depends on which cells are activated. Could cause development, maturation, localization by chemotaxis, or activation.

Local and distant targets.

Question 15

Interleukins
Released by __ and ___
Activates ____
Two types and their role

Answer 15

Released by MO and lymphocytes
Activates more lymphocytes to recruit
IL-1: Pro inflammatory. Pyrogenic. Chemotaxis and leukocytosis.
IL-10: Anti inflammatory. Inhibits growth of immune cells.

Question 16

Interferons
Released by __ and __ and __
Activates ___

Answer 16

Released by MO and lymphocytes and viral infected cells.
Activates cells nearby to produce antiviral compound, which stops nucleic acid production.

Non specific.

Question 17

TNF-a
Released by \_\_ and \_\_ 
activates \_\_\_ 
Causes \_\_\_
Short term effect?
Long term effect?

Answer 17

Released by MO and mast cell degran due to PAMPs.
Activates macrophages and acts on liver.
Causes capillaries to become sticky. Endothelial adhesion molecule.
Short term: Fever and increases plasma protein systems via tapping liver.
Long term: Cachexia (wasting) and intravascular thrombosis.

Question 18

Clues that chronic inflammation is taking place

Answer 18

• Granuloma. Wall off agent with collagen.
• New blood vessel growth due to tissues releasing VEGF.
• Fibrosis- thickening and scarring of connective tissue such as collagen.
• Lots of lymphocytes and macrophages.

Question 19

Granuloma due to syphilis

Answer 19

Gumma in the CNS

Question 20

Histoplasmosis

Answer 20

Causes granuloma. Found in chickens and along ohio river valley.

Question 21

When is there more exudation. Acute or chronic?

Answer 21

Acute.

Question 22

When is there more fibrosis. Acute or chroni?

Answer 22

Chronic.