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Physics Paper 1 > PMOM > Flashcards

PMOM Flashcards

1
Q

What is density?

A

-A measure of the compactness of a substance.
-It relates the mass of a substance to how much it space it takes up ( a substance’s mass per unit volume).

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2
Q

What does density depend on?

A

-Depends on what the object is made of and how particles are arranged.

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3
Q

A dense material?

A

Has its particles packed tightly together. The particles in a less dense material are more spread out. If you compressed the material, the particles would move closer together and it would become more dense. YOU DO NOT CHANGE THE MASS BUT YOU ARE DECREASING THE VOLUME.

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4
Q

The three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas.

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5
Q

Differences between each state?

A

Particles of a substance are the same, only the arrangement and energy of particles are different.

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6
Q

Describe the solid state.

A

-Strong forces of attraction hold the particles close together in a fixed, regular arrangement.
-Particles do not have much energy so can only vibrate in their fixed positions.
-Density of the state is generally the highest because particles are so close together.

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7
Q

Describe the liquid state.

A

-Weaker forces of attraction between particles.
-Particles are close together, but can move past each other, and form irregular arrangements.
-Have more energy than particles in a solid, moving in random directions at low speeds.
-Generally less dense than solids.

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8
Q

Describe the gaseous state.

A

-Almost no forces of attraction between particles.
-Particles have the most energy, and so are free to move, travelling in random directions at high speeds.
-Generally less dense than liquids, having low densities.

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9
Q

How to measure the density of a solid object?

A

-Use a calibrated, zeroed balance to measure mass.
-If it is a regular solid, using a ruler, measure its length, width and height.
-For an irregular solid, find its volume by submerging it in a eureka can filled with water, the water displaced by the object will be transferred to the measuring cylinder.
-Record the volume of water in the measuring cylinder, this is the volume of the object’s mass.
-Use the formula to calculate density.

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10
Q

Conversion between g/cm^3 to kg/m^3

A

x1000

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11
Q

Find density of a liquid.

A

-Place a measuring cylinder on a balance and zero it.
-Pour 10ml of the liquid into measuring cylinder, recording the mass.
-Pour another 10 ml into the measuring cylinder, repeating the process until the cylinder is full and record the total mass and volume each time.
-For each measurement, use the formula to calculate density.
-To get the final density, calculate a mean.

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12
Q

How do you fill a eureka can before displacement?

A

Fill the can until water starts to drip out of the spout, showing that the can is full. Wait until the dripping stops before submerging the object.

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13
Q

What do particles in a system do?

A

Vibrate/move around as they have energy in their kinetic energy stores.

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14
Q

Other energy?

A

Potential energy stores due to their positions.

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15
Q

What is internal energy.

A

-Energy stored in a system is stored by its particles (atoms and molecules).
-Internal energy of a system is the total energy that its particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores.

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16
Q

Heating the system?

A

-Transfers energy to particles, gaining energy in their kinetic energy stores and moving faster, increasing their internal energy.
-This leads to a change in temperature/state. If the temperature changes, the size of the change depends on the mass of the substance, what it is made of (its specific heat capacity) and the energy input.
-A change in state will occur if the substance is heated enough, as the particles have enough energy in their kinetic energy stores to break the forces of attraction holding them together.

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17
Q

As well as heating, when else can their be a state change?

A

In cooling, where particles lose energy and form bonds.

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18
Q

Solid-gas?

A

Sublimation.

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19
Q

Solid-liquid?

A

Melting

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20
Q

Liquid-solid?

A

Freezing

21
Q

Liquid-gas?

A

Boiling/evaporation

22
Q

Gas-liquid?

A

Condensation.

23
Q

Is a state change chemical or physical?

A

Physical because you do not end up with a new substance, it is the same, just in a different form.

24
Q

If you reverse a state change?

A

The substance returns to its original form and has its original properties.

25
Q

Number of particles in a state change?

A

Does not change, the arrangement just changes. This means mass is conserved, none is lost in a state change.

26
Q

When you heat a substance?

A

-When a substance is melting/boiling, you are putting in energy and so internal energy increases, but this energy is used for breaking forces of attraction between particles rather than changing temperature, which is shown by the flat spots of temperature vs time graphs.

27
Q

When you cool a substance?

A

When a substance is condensed/frozen, bonds are formed between particles, which releases energy. This means internal energy decreases, however there is no change of temperature until a full change in state, shown by the flat spots produced on this kind of energy transfer graph of temperature vs time.

28
Q

Specific latent heat?

A

Amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from one state to another without a change in temperature.

29
Q

When cooling occurs?

A

SLH is energy released by a change of a state.

30
Q

Is it variable?

A

Is different for different materials, and is different in different state changes also.

31
Q

Solid-liquid, melting or freezing is called?

A

SLH of fusion.

32
Q

Liquid-gas, evaporation, boiling or condensation is called?

A

SLH of vaporisation.

33
Q

Particles in a gas?

A

-Constantly moving in random directions at random speeds.
-If you increase the temperature, you transfer energy into the kinetic energy stores of particles.

34
Q

Temperature is?

A

Mean kinetic energy of particles, higher temperature, higher mean kinetic energy of particles.

35
Q

As you increase temperature?

A

Mean speed of particles increases.

36
Q

As gas particles move?

A

-As they move about at high speeds, they bang into each other and other things like the surface of a container. In a collision, a force is exerted, and so pressure is created.

37
Q

In a sealed container?

A

Outward gas pressure is total force exerted by all the particles of the gas in a unit area of the walls of the container.

38
Q

Force in relation to the surface of the container?

A

Net force is perpendicular to the surface of the container.

39
Q

What increases gas pressure?

A

-Faster particles and more frequent collisions lead to an increase in net force, and so gas pressure. -Increasing the temperature, increases the speed if its kept constant.

40
Q

If temperature is constant?

A

If the volume of a gas increases and the particles become more spread out, hitting the walls less often, decreasing gas pressure.

41
Q

Relation between pressure and volume?

A

Are inversely proportional. Are constant for a gas at a fixed mass with a constant temperature.

42
Q

Pressure of the gas?

A

Causes a net outwards force at right angles to the surface of the container.

43
Q

Other force?

A

Force on the outside of the container due to the pressure of the gas around it.

44
Q

If the size of the container can change like in a balloon?

A

Any change in pressure will cause the container to compress or expand due to the overall force.

45
Q

If a helium balloon is released?

A

It rises. As atmospheric pressure decreases with height, the pressure outside the balloon therefore decreases, This causes the balloon to expand until the pressure inside decreases to the same as the atmospheric pressure.

46
Q

Work is done?

A

By energy transfer by applying a force.

47
Q

Effects of doing work?

A

On a gas, its internal energy increases which can increase its temperature.

48
Q

If wok is done mechanically like with a bike pump?

A

-The gas applies pressure to the plunger of the pump, therefore exerting a force on it. Work has to be done against this force to push don the plunger.
-This transfers energy to the kinetic energy stores of the gas particles, increasing its temperature.
-If the pump is connected to a tyre, the temperature change will be observed as the tyre will warm up.

Physics Paper 1 (4 decks)

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