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political parties paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does policy formulation support democracy?

A

-ensures electorate have meaningful choice as parties have different policies
-manifestos give the electorate smth to hold the gov accountable
-participation and accountability
(2010 economic policy drastically differed, 2015 cons belive in minimal state intervention, lab and lib want welfare state)

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2
Q

how does policy formulation hinder democracy?

A

-parties want to be more of a team that can win, less about ideas and ideologies
-often have similar policies if theres a race to the centre (2000s)
(all 3 want a free market, all 3 want continued investment in the nhs, johnson chosen for 2019 leadership campaign bc he was more charismatic)

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3
Q

how does recruiting leaders support democracy?

A

-parties control process for local candidates
-grow skills to work way up to leader
(2019 104 out of 202 lab mps were women - 1st major party)

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4
Q

How does recruiting leaders hinder democracy?

A

-parties may choose leaders who appease the public rather than competent
-party members may choose leader for personal gain
(truss’ tax policies meant members chose her as leader - undermines democracy)

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5
Q

how does organisation of government help democracy?

A

-gov formed by parties who win elections
-fptp - single party
-gov controls legislative agenda
-opposition parties can hold gov accountable
(1983, 1987, 1997, 2001 - over 100 seat majorities, johnson got 80 seat majority in 2019)

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6
Q

how does organisation of government hinder democracy?

A

-party unity declined in recent years
-parties with factions dont work together
-majority achieved in election can be questioned when party becomes divided
(new cons,erg, cconservative reform, pop cons )

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7
Q

how does participation help democracy?

A

-opportunities to become a member of a party boosts involvement in political process
-parties have an important role in raising political awareness + education
-party membership for smaller parties is on the rise (greens went from 30,000 in 2014 to 63,000 in 2015)

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8
Q

how does participation hinder democracy

A

partisan dealignment, only 9% asociated themselves strongly with a party in 2015, TO less predictable
-to is lower historically
-party membership fell for 3 major parties
-local parties have little control

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9
Q

how does representation help democracy?

A

-parties represent people who vote for them giving them a mandate
-parties historically represent certain group e.g labour party = workers
-parties try to appeal to majority of electorate
( sunak pushing thru rwanda bills, post office scandal - emergency legislation)

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10
Q

how does representation hinder democracy?

A

-as parties are catch all they lose the ability to represent specific groups
-pressure groups have increased (40-50% of the uk is part of a pressure group)
(middle class cons voters vote blair in 1997, 2001 to all voting groups decreased, 26% said theyd pay to be part of a campiagning or charity group in 2019, only 11% said theyd pay to be a member of a political party)

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11
Q

what rules fall under the electoral commission of PPERA 2002

A

-parties must submit public audits of all donations
-donations in excess of £7500 must be declared to the commission and info must be made available for scrutiny
-short money increased but in 2016 conservatives decreased it
-limited to 30,000 per constituency

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12
Q

what is short money?

A

-introduced in 1974 for HOC only, gives money to opposition parties depending on number of seats and number of votes in last GE
-short money is also available to any party which
-secured at least two seats OR secured one seat but received more than 150,000 votes
-atm parties get 20k for every seat and £40 for every 200 votes
-leader of opposition office is given 850k

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13
Q

how is money given to sinn fein bc of their abstentionism so they dont take a seat in parliament?

A

Representative money - for parties who choose not to take up their seats but still have a duty to their constituents

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14
Q

what is cranborne money?

A

1996- short money for the lords

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15
Q

why is short and cranborne money important?

A

essential for opp partys to be able to conduct scrutiny, research and legislation

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16
Q

what happened in the party funding scandal of bernie ecclestone and the labour party?

A

-january 1997, F1 chief ecclestone donates 1million to lab, lab cuts plans to stop tobacco funding for sports just for F1

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17
Q

what was the cash for honours funding scandal?

A

-2006/2007
-investigation into the fact that honours were being given out in return for donation, found that loans werent being publicised due to a loophole
-labour had ‘borrowed’ £14 million, cons £16 million and lib dem £850k

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18
Q

what was johnsons honours list scandal?

A

-peerages given to those who didnt deserve it e.g nadine dorries or matt hancock
-proved tory cronyism and peerages to donors and friends

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19
Q

what was the johnsons wall paper scandal?

A

-tories fined £17,800 for failing to declare spending £50k on redecorating bojos flat
-sparked scrutiny of gov spending

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20
Q

how much money did the conservative party gain in registered donations in 2019 campaign?

A

£19.4 million

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21
Q

how much money did the labour party gain in registered donations in 2019 campaign?

A

£5.4 million

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22
Q

how much money did the brexit party gain in registered donation in 2019 campaign?

A

£4.2 million

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23
Q

how does spf positively reduce party dependence on vested interests (wealthy donors)

A

-donating excess amounts to the small £6 conservative membership fee gives someone significant influence e.g lord sainsbury has donated over 10million to the conservatives since 2019
-spf makes parties more responsive to the needs of the electorate

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24
Q

how could spf negatively reinforce biases and a 2party system

A

-leader of opp receives sig more short money than other party leaders, as most likely 2 b lab or con = funding advantage
-legislation on spf most likely to come from lab/con in office who dont want it 2 b more democ

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24
Q

how could spf be done positively and democratically using election support

A

-using more elections than ge would b more fair 2 minor parties bc pr
-also could increase t.o as minor parties wld b able 2 campaign mor

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24
Q

how does spf negatively make parties complacent and weaken their links to society through a steady income

A

-blair reduced labour reliance on trade unions
-corbyn saw 450k increase to party membership
-party membership increases during leadership/ge, dont need spf bc people want a say

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25
Q

how could spf positively avoid controversy around donations 2 secure peerages

A

-include all funding scandals
-spf is necessary to boost legitimacy and trust etc.

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26
Q

how could spf negatively show a lack of public support

A

-distrust high since 2009 expenses scandal (in 2021 IPPR survey 63% said politicians were ‘out for themselves’)
-may lead to extremists getting seats
-violation of freedom of speech? donors shld b abl 2 donate £ protected?

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27
Q

devolved bodies are a ? party system

A

multi

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28
Q

in 2019 what % of seats were won by either labour or conservative?

A

87%

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29
Q

in every single GE since 1979 over ? % of votes were either lab or con?

A

65

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30
Q

theme A -uk is still a 2 party system - ge maintain 2 party system

A

2019 87% of vote either con or lab, 18/20, fptp

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31
Q

theme A - uk not 2 party system - class and partisan dealignment mean uk voters no longer identify w a particular party

A

lib dems - 1974 got 19% of vote but in 2015 lib dem got 8%
labs dominance in scotland ended by snp - since 2007 - snp largest party in scot parliament, since 2010 lab no longer biggest party in scotland
2010 - cameron (36% votes, 306 seats) and clegg (23% vote, 57 seats)
2017 - cons supply and demand deal with dup bc only 317 seats

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32
Q

theme B - uk 2 party system - media coverage mainly on 2 parties

A

2010 tv debates only with lib dem con and lab
-2017 media only on corbyn and may

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33
Q

theme B uk not 2 party system

A

rise of UKIP forced dc to put forward brexit

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34
Q

theme C uk is 2 party - ge most important election bc parl is sovereign

A

snp might be biggest in scot parl but can never win in parl and in 2019 only got 4% of vote
-parl is sovereign

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35
Q

theme C - uk not 2 party - multi party in devolved regions

A

2021 scot parl - coalition between snp and green 72/192 seats
senedd cymru 2021 - plaid cymru and lab
ni assembly 2022 - sinn fein - minor party so multi party

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36
Q

what are typical conservative ideologies

A

industries should be privatised, low tax, minimal state intervention - self reliance, upper class have a duty of paternalism (noblesse oblige), trad fam values, pragmatism (do what works w logic), free market capitalism, organic soc should be maintained - only change to conserve

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37
Q

what are typical labour ideologies?

A

equality of opportunity - everyone has same acess to education, healthcare etc - brought by higher taxes, larger state, flaws in capitalism but still believe in it, support least well off thru high tax

38
Q

what are typical lib dem ideologies?

A

human rights, strong yet limited gov, strong state in foreign affairs, not strong intervention state

39
Q

CONS what is the one nation caucus and who is in it?

A

moderate, removed promise of no eu deal from manifesto - tobias ellwood + tom tugendhat

40
Q

CONS what is the european research group (erg) and who is in it?

A

right wing, refused to support mays brexit leading to her resignation, abstained from rwanda plan 2023 (passed anyway) - micheal gove, liam fox, steve baker, suella braverman

41
Q

CONS what are the new conservatives and who is in it?

A

-right wing, tough on migration, want end of health and social care visas, dec 2023 sunak removes rights of HSC visas - cant bring a family member - miriam cates, danny kruger

42
Q

CONS what is the conservative reform group and who is in it?

A

moderate, initially pro european but now more diverse, pro climate change net zero policies (impact in 2019 manifesto but in 2022-23 sunak reversed) - robert buckland, damien green

43
Q

LAB what is momentum and who is in it?

A

left wing, influential in election of corbyn as party leader 2015 - corbyn (before suspension), long bailey

44
Q

LAB what is new labour and who is in it?

A

centrist, most successful lab faction - won 3 elections, brought party 2 centre + removed clause 4 (nationalisation if industry) - blair + brown, yvette cooper, starmer , rachel reeves

45
Q

LAB what was future britain group and who is in it?

A

(DISSOLVED 2021) - rallied against corbyns leadership taking party to left - hillary ben, yvette cooper, pat mcfadden

46
Q

what are the party factions within lib dems

A

social liberals - believe in keeping no education fees and didnt believe in the coalition - tim farron, steve webb
orange bookers - argue new student system more progressive than old - nick clegg, vince cable

47
Q

what have cons done to foreign in line with their values?

A

-2010 leave deal
-supportive of war in ukraine send 2.3 billion 2022 -preserving britains role in foreign affairs
-supportive of trident
-planned for 0.7% of gdp 2 b spent on aid (abandoned) - due to covid, pragmatism

48
Q

what have cons done to immigration in line with their values?

A

-rwanda bill passed 3rd reading 2024, 11 rebel mps, not enough, tough on immigration

49
Q

what have lab done to economy in line with values?

A

-cut lowest tax band to 19% (after truss mini budget) + 2019 manifesto reinstate 50p tax band for those earning above 123k -social justice wealth redistribution
-increase corp tax to 25% 2022 - larger role for state, redistribution of wealth
-pro windfall tax, called for policy early 2022 - redistribution of wealth and supporting the poor

50
Q

what have lab done to welfare in line with values?

A

-2019 manifesto increase health budget by 4%, abolish charges for prescription + dentistry (supportive of least well off)
-lab wouldnt go ahead with 2.5% rise in NI during cost of living - least well off

51
Q

what have lab done to law and order in line with values?

A

-2019 manifesto object extension to stop and search - support BAME communities
-opposed police and crime sentencing bill - especially protest rights, wanted to allow locking on (lab history of upholding rights)

52
Q

what have lab done to foreign in line with values?

A

-2019 renegotiate brexit deal, new referendum, 0.7% of GNI on aid (committed to tackling poverty)
-supportive of gov actions in ukraine and trident

53
Q

what have lab done to immigration in line with values?

A

-voted against rwanda bill jan 2024
-tackle criminal gangs crossing channel - “smash the gangs”

54
Q

what have lib dems done to economy in line with vlaues?

A

-increase income tax by 1%
-keep corp tax at 19% (supportive of capitalism)
-lib dems amendment to expand windfall tax

55
Q

what have lib dems done to welfare in line with values?

A

-2019 manifesto increase spending by £7 billion a year, £13 billion on free childcare by 2024 (left wing on social values)
-support triple lock pensions
-abolish bedroom tax (protect those in social housing, left wing social values)

56
Q

what have lib dems done to law and order in line with values?

A

-2019 manifesto, opposed extension to stop and search (unity with lab, recognise roghts of BAME)
-2017 manifesto- legal market for cannabis, end imprisonment for possesion of drugs for personal use(liberal on social values)

57
Q

what have lib dem done to foreign in line with their values?

A

-stop brexit rejoin eu
-supportive of ukraine actions + trident
-2019 manifesto spend 2% gdp on defence

58
Q

what have lib dem done to immigration in line with values?

A

-oppose rwanda, voted against it in all 3 readings

59
Q

how are labour internally united over the economy?

A

windfall tax - blair introduced one, corbyn included it in 2019, starmer supported it during truss

60
Q

how are labour internally divided over economy

A

blairites remove nationalisation, corbyn wants nationalisation

61
Q

how are labour internally united over tax?

A

all increased top rate of income tax for highest earners, all tackled tax avoidance

62
Q

how are labour internally divided over tax?

A

blair reduced top rate of income tax, corbyn wanted increaes in taxes for rich, starmer agrees with corbyn

63
Q

how are labour internally united over health?

A

all increase funding to nhs

64
Q

how are labour internally divided over health?

A

shadow health, wes streeting says nhs need to learn to be tight with money , stop using winter budget as an excuse dec 2023

65
Q

how are labour internally united over trade unions?

A

-all support some role of tu
-blair was fairness not favour, corbyn strong supporter, starmers dep leader rayner former tu official

66
Q

how are labour internally divided over trade unions?

A

-limited tu role under blair
-corbyn pro tu

67
Q

how are labour internally united over education?

A

-all 3 invested into large funding education
-sure start new lab
-corbyn, 1 mill apprenticeships
-starmer fund state school using private school vat

68
Q

how are labour internally divided over education?

A

corbyn and starmer oppose tuition fees but blair introduced them

69
Q

how are labour internally united over foreign policy?

A

pro eu, soft brexit starmer and corbyn, blair had close ties merkel

70
Q

how are labour internally divided over foreign policy?

A

blair - iraq war 2003
corbyn opposes military intervention
starmer ex human rights lawyer, “no more illegal wars”

71
Q

how are labour internally united over social issues?

A

all factions agree on anti discrimination laws

72
Q

how are labour internally divided over social issues

A

immmigration
starmer and blair tougher on immigration and borders
corbyn more liberal towards migrants and refugees

73
Q

how are labour internally united over law and order?

A

police cuts, rehabilitation centres, softer on youth crime e.g youth justice board 1998

74
Q

how are labour internally divided over law and order?

A

new labour very anti terrorism, lots of laws e.g terrorist act 2005
corbyn vocally against this adn voted against terrorist act 2005

75
Q

how are the conservatives internally united over the economy?

A

oncs and cameron agree on big society
johnson - levelling up economy
sunak -£170bn in budget 4 economy
-cameron and thatcher on low public spending

76
Q

how are the conservatives internally divided over the economy?

A

thatcher didnt believe in big society, individualism
cameron and thatcher less paternalistic but johnson increased universal credit during covid

77
Q

how are the conservatives internally united over tax?

A

tax cuts
thatcher - top rate of income tax from 83% to 60% then 40%
truss mini budget 2022 cut income tax from 20% to 19%
johnson cut corp tax in 2020
autumn statement 2023 cut NI 12% to 10%

78
Q

how are the conservatives internally divided over tax

A

sunak highest tax rates in 70 years
corp tax raise 2023 johnson and sunak

79
Q

how are the conservatives internally united over foreign policy?

A

pro intervention and relationships abroad
thatcher falklands
cameron syria
may syria
johnson afghanistan

80
Q

how are the conservatives internally divided over foreign policy?

A

johnson hard brexiter but cameron and may both remainers

81
Q

how are the conservatives internally united over social issues?

A

onc, cameron, johnson and may all agree to help most disadvantaged rejoin society
cameron - gay marriage 2013
johnson - gender recognition bill

82
Q

how are the conservatives internally divided over social issues?

A

-thatcher introduced section 28 1988 - no gay in school/ local authorities
-may and johnson supported banning conversion therapy
-sunak blocked scotlands gender recognition bill
-sunak new oil and gas licenses

83
Q

how are the cons internally united over law and order?

A

tough on crime -
johnson 20k new popo
sunak supports bojo
cameron increases pwr after ldn riots 2011

84
Q

how are the cons internally divided over law and order?

A

-thatcher v tough, no rehabilitation
-cameron give contracts to offenders coming out of prison for work
-johnson and sunak both broke lockdown rules - party gate
-starmer slams sunak pmq 2023 low levels of conviction for rape and burglary

85
Q

how are cons internally united over immigration?

A

sunak - stop the boats
johnson - brexit
thatcher - reduction of colour immigration, anti eec

86
Q

how are cons internally divided over immigration?

A

RWANDA PLAN
-11 tories voted against
-3 resigned
-brought in for braverman, braverman sacked
-cost 241.5 million

87
Q

significance of greens as a a minor party?

A

NATIONAL OFFICE
-only ever 1 mp
-2% of vote
DEVOLVED PARL
-2022 coalition with SNP
INFLUENCE OVER CON/LAB
-lab adopted green policies in 2017 manifesto
-cons more active under johnson
-could argue less influential under sunak - gone back on 2030 and new oil + gas @ rosebank

88
Q

significance of DUP as a minor party?

A

NATIONAL OFFICE
-most successful minor at national level
-2017 supply and demand deal w cons (support may brexit for £1 bn for NI)
DEVOLVED PARL
-largest party in NI Assembly from 1998-2022
INFLUENCE OVER CON/LAB
-largest influence during 2017 over cons

89
Q

significan of sinn fein as a minor party?

A

NATIONAL OFFICE
-dont take seats, abstentionist
DEVOLVED PARL
-typically second largest in NI, but in 2022 largest party - pwr share finally re established jan 2024
INFLUENCE OVER LAB/CON
-N/A

90
Q

Significance of SNP as a minor party?

A

NATIONAL OFFICE
-since 2015 3rd largest party in parl
DEVOLVED PARL
-largest party since 2007 in scottish parl
INFLUENCE OVER LAB/CON
-convinced cons to hold 2014 indyref
-less impact recently as unwilling to hold 2nd ref

91
Q

Signficance of Plaid Cymru as a minor party?

A

DEVOLVED PARL
-passing of landfill tax which allows communities in wales 2 b compensated when living near landfill sites
INFLUENCE OVER LAB/CON
-landfill tax 2017

92
Q

Significance of UKIP as a minor party?

A

NATIONAL OFFICE
-achieved main policy goal without ever entering office
DEVOLVED PARL
-won 7 seats in senedd cymru 2016
INFLUENCE OVER LAB/CON
-2014 ukip won 140 local council seats - traditional cons seats
-threat of electoral defeat in 2016 mean cons promised EU referendum in 2015 manifesto

93
Q

significance of Reform as a minor party?

A

29 seats EU parl
INFLUENCE OVER LAB/CON
-big beast nigel farage
-2019 stood down so cons could win

94
Q
A

Politics (8 decks)

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