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Chemistry > Polymer theory > Flashcards

Polymer theory Flashcards

1
Q

Enviormental challenges caused by plastic:

A
  1. Disposal in Landfill sites
  2. Accumulation in oceans
  3. Formation of toxic gases by Burning
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2
Q

biodegradable meaning

A

A substance that can be broken down by bacteria

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3
Q

Problem with landfill sites and plastic

A
  • Plastic is non-biodegradable
  • Run out of space
  • Leaching
  • Can break down to release toxic chemicals in soil
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4
Q

Accumulation in oceans problem:

A

Harm aquatic life

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5
Q

Burning problem

A

Burning plastic produces toxic gases

such as Hydrogen Chloride HCL gas
and Hydrogen Cyanide gas HCN

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6
Q

What is the type of reaction that requires ultraviolet light and give examples

A

Photochemical reactions
example:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Substituion of hydrogen by halogens in alkanes and alkenes

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7
Q

Purpose of ultraviolet in photochemical reactions

A

Providing activation energy for the reaction

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8
Q

Characterstics of same homologous series

A
  • same functional group
  • same chemical properties
  • Same general formula
  • Molecules differ by a CH₂ unit from one member to the next
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9
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum

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10
Q

Petroleum def

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What makes up most of Natural Gas?

A

Methane (CH4)

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12
Q

Hydrocarbons def

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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13
Q

What are the two industrial processes that take place to convert

Petroleum to Alkene

A
  1. Fractional Distillation
  2. Catalytic Cracking
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14
Q

How is petroleum seperated into useful fractions?

A

By fractional distillation

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15
Q

Properties of petroleum fraction from bottom to top

A
  1. Decreasing carbon chain length
  2. Higher volatility
  3. Lower boiling points
  4. Lower viscosity
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16
Q

What is the process used to seperate
1. alkanes from other alkanes
2. alkenes from other alkenes
3. alchols from other alcohols
4. carbox acid from other c acids
5. esters from other esters

and WHY

A

Fractional distillation

because melting and boiling points differ in each homologous series from one member to the next

this is due to the trends in their physical properties as their carbon chain lengthens

17
Q

Fractionating Column order

A

Refinery Gas
Petrol/ Gasoline
Naptha
Paraffin/Kerosene
Diesel Oil/ Gas Oil
Fuel Oil
Lubriacting Oils
Bitumen

18
Q

Uses of

  1. Refinery Gas
  2. Gasoline
  3. Naptha
  4. Paraffin:
A
  1. heating and cooking
  2. fuel used in cars
  3. chemical feedstock
  4. jet fuel
19
Q

uses of:

  1. Diesel oil
  2. Fuel oil
  3. Lubricating oil
  4. Bitumen
A
  1. fuel used in diesel engines
  2. fuel for ships and home heating systems
  3. lubricants, waxes and polishes
  4. making roads
20
Q

Properties of ethanol made by fermentation

A

20% alcohol yield max
slow reaction
better use for alcoholic drinks

21
Q

Properties of ethanol made by addition of steam with ethene

A

100% alcohol yield
fast reaction
better for using as solvent and fuel

22
Q

What is ethanol used as

What is alcohol used as

A
  1. biofuel
  2. solvents and fuel
23
Q

Advantages of ethanol made by fermentation

A
  • carbohydrates (glucose) are renewable
  • Lower temperature needed
  • Lower pressure
24
Q

Disadvantages of ethanol made by addition

A
  • fossil fuels are non-renewable
  • higher temperature
  • higher pressure
25
Q

Advantages of ethanol made by addition

A
  • Fast reaction
  • Produces pure ethanol
  • Higher yield of ethanol made
26
Q

Disadvantages of ethanol made by fermentation

A
  • Slow reaction
  • Ethanol produced is not pure
  • Lower yield of ethanol produced
27
Q

Conditions of Acid Hydrolysis

A
  • Strong dilute acid (like HCL) + Heat
28
Q

Why sometimes not all substances can be idenfitied from the chromotogram

A

Similar Rf values

Chemistry (8 decks)

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