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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 11 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypoplasic left heart syndrome

A

Congenital birth defect that affects normal blood flow through the heart

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2
Q

What occurs in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

left side of fetal heart doesn’t form properly during pregnancy

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3
Q

What is affected in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A 
left ventricle
mitral valve
aortic valve
ascending aorta
atrial septal defect present
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4
Q

Causes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

Causes among babies are unknown, however, could be related to genetics or a combination of genes and other risk factors

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5
Q

In addition to genes what are some examples of risk factors that may cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

Things the mother comes in contact with
surrounding environment
maternal food, drink, medication

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoplasic left heart syndrome (8)

A 
bluish or poor skin color
cold hands and feet
lethargy
poor pulse
poor feeding
pounding heart
rapid breathing
shortness of breath
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7
Q

When is hypoplastic left heart syndrome found

A

before birth via ultrasound

first few hours of life to a few days after birth

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8
Q

Treatments for hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

medication to strengthen heart muscle, lower blood pressure, and remove extra fluid
high-calorie formula because infants fatigue while feeding
surgery to increase blood flow and bypass poorly functioning side of heart
right ventricle becomes main pumping chamber after surgery

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9
Q

Prognosis for hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

if left untreated it is fatal
surgeries do not cure syndrome but help restore heart function
can have lifelong complications
need regular follow up visits with cardiologist
if requires heart transplant, have to take medicine for rest of life to prevent rejection (immuno suppressives)

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10
Q

Another name for the Right atrium/ventricular valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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11
Q

Another name for the left atrium/ventricular valve

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

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12
Q

Review the anatomy of the heart

A

okay

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13
Q

T/F: the right and left sides of the heart operate as separate pumps

A

F

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14
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A 
Vena cava
Right atrium
tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmenary veins
Left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
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15
Q

Two characteristics of blood in the aorta

A

O2 rich

nutrient rich

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16
Q

4 areas that stethoscopes are placed to listen to particular valves of the heart (clockwise starting at the top left)

A

Aortic area
pulmonic area
bicuspid (mitral) area
tricuspid area

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17
Q

Heart contractions are know as

A

systole

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18
Q

Heart relaxactions are known as

A

diastole

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19
Q

This is ventricular systole

A

contraction of the ventricle

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20
Q

This is atrial systole

A

contraction of the atrium

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21
Q

Systole when used without clarification describes this

A

ventricular systole

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22
Q

Duration of systole and diastole

A
  1. 3

0. 5

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23
Q

Cardiac cycle characteristics (3)

A

less than 1 second normally
contraction faster than relaxation
atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

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24
Q

Normal heart rate

A

72 beats per minute

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25
Q

Cardiac cycle (start to finish)

A

Atria contracting
Blood flows into ventricles
Ventricles contract
Blood flows into atria

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26
Q

Review how pressure changes in the ventricle correlate to volume changes in the ventricle (podcast, approximately 4 min. in)

A

okay

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27
Q

This is used to measure pressures associated with the heart and is measured at this location on the body

A

blood pressure

biceps

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28
Q

This type of blood flow creates sound

A

turbulent

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29
Q

This type of blood flow does not create sound

A

Laminar

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30
Q

Starting blood pressure cuff pressure

A

140 mmHg

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31
Q

The first korotkoff sound signals this pressure

A

systolic pressure (maximum pressure the ventricle would produce)

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32
Q

The last korotkoff sounds signals this pressure

A

diastolic pressure

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33
Q

Average systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Systolic 120 mmHg

Diastolic 80 mmHg

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34
Q

The pressure of the blood in the veinus portion of circulation is essentially this

A

0 mmHg

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35
Q

The mean pressure of blood is this

A

100 mmHg

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36
Q

The skeletal muscle pump does this

A

utilizes blood vessels being compressed by the muscles they lie betweenas they compress blood is driven towards the heart

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37
Q

Veins have these structures within them

A

valves

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38
Q

pulse pressure =

A

P(systolic) - P(diastolic)

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39
Q

Normal pulse pressure

A

40 mm Hg

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40
Q

Exercise pulse pressure may go as high as this

A

100 mmHg

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41
Q

When we exercise this happens to our systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Increasedecrease

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42
Q

Very low pulse pressure can be suggestive of this

A

congestive heart failure

aortic stenosis

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43
Q

Reason for low pulse pressure with congestive heart failure

A

weak heart contractions

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44
Q

reason for low pulse pressure with aortic stenosis

A

Low blood volume caused by narrowing of aortic semilunar valve

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45
Q

The electrodes on the body during an electrocardiogram do this

A

investigate the change in potential of the heart muscle as it progressively contracts

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46
Q

What do the 3 leads compare in an electrocardiogram

A

I - Right arm to left arm
II - Right arm to left leg
III - Left arm to left leg

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47
Q

The typical ECG in lab utilizes this lead

A

II

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48
Q

Each wave of an ECG represents this

A

changes in polarity in the cardiac musculature

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49
Q

The P wave represents this

A

depolarization of the atria

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50
Q

The QRS wave represents thsi

A

depolarization of the ventricle

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51
Q

The T wave represents this

A

Re polarization of the ventricle

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52
Q

Repolarization of the atria takes places here

A

QRS phase

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53
Q

This is associated with ventricular contraction

A

Right after the QRS

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54
Q

This follows depolarization

A

contraction of the associated portion of the heart

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55
Q

The first heart sound is associated with this

A

the closing of the atrial ventricular valve

56
Q

The Atrial/ventricular valve will close at this time

A

when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria

57
Q

The second heart sound is associated with this

A

the closing of the semilunar valve

58
Q

The semilunar valve will close at this time

A

when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle

59
Q

Wiggers diagram (4)

A

Correlates pressures in aorta, ventrical, atria
Identifies part of the graph where AV and semilunar valves open and close Correlates with ECG
Identifies when the first and second heart sounds occur

60
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow to the ventricle

61
Q

Bradycardia means

A

slow heart rate

62
Q

sinus means

A

origin is in the sinal/atrial node

63
Q

Tachycardia means

A

fast heart rate

64
Q

ventricular means (ECG)

A

Everything on the ECG is originated in the ventricles

65
Q

Tachycardia means a heart rate over this

A

140 beats per minute

66
Q

In sinus tachycardia we see this on the ECG

A

Normal P, QRS, T waves happening very quickly

67
Q

In ventricular fibrillation we see this on the ECG

A

The ventricle is not contracting in any sort of coordinated manor

68
Q

How does cholesterol effect us

A

formation of plaques that can block blood vessels

May also ulcerate and release a piece of tissue that may cause a blockage elsewhere in the body

69
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

70
Q

Two common areas of blockage in the heart

A

left anterior descending

right coronary artery

71
Q

Be able to draw and label the blood pressure images from lecture

A

okay

72
Q

Be able to draw and label wiggers diagram

A

okay

73
Q

Be able to draw and describe heart blocks

A

okay

74
Q

Be able to draw and label ECG

A

okay

75
Q

Be able to drawn and label the valsalva maneuver (blood pressure to pulse wave) from handout

A

okay

76
Q

Be able to draw and label Einthoven’s triangle

A

okay

77
Q

Normal axis of the heart

A

59 degrees

78
Q

this angle describes a left axis deviation of the heart

A

<0 degrees

79
Q

this angle describes a right axis deviation of the heart

A

> 90 degrees

80
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

81
Q

Causes of atherosclerosis

A

high levels of cholestrol
toxins/cigarettes
hypertension

82
Q

plaque

A

cholesterol, fats, calcium(makes hard)

reduce blood flow

83
Q

ulcerate

A

rupture of plaque

84
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot

85
Q

Stethoscope

A

tool used to hear sounds inside the body

86
Q

Most useful clinical measurements that can be taken

A

blood pressure

87
Q

Blood pressure refers to this

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls

88
Q

This blood pressure is the most useful and is the most frequently measured pressure

A

arterial blood pressure

89
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

highest pressure in the artery produced in the hearts contraction (systolic) phase

90
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

lowest pressure in the artery, produced in the heart’s relaxation (diastolic) phase

91
Q

Blood pressure provides us with this information

A

the heart’s pumping efficiency and the condition of the systemic blood vessels

92
Q

Systolic blood pressure indicates this

A

the force of contraction of the heart

93
Q

diastolic blood pressure indicates this

A

the condition of the systemic blood vessels

94
Q

These are some causes of blood pressure increase as we age

A

loss of elasticity of the vessels

deposits of cholesterol and other lipids on the blood vessel walls

95
Q

T/F: it is important to get many blood pressure readings to determine if there are any problems

A

T

96
Q

Two measurements of blood pressure

A

direct methood

indirect method

97
Q

indirect method of measuring blood pressure

A

pressure is applied externally to the artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds

98
Q

Indirect method of measure blood pressure is also known as

A

auscultatory method

99
Q

Instrument used to apply pressure to the artery in indirect measurement of blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

100
Q

Human blood pressure is most commonly measured here

A

in the brachial artery of the upper arm

101
Q

Why is the brachial artery use to measure blood pressure

A

same level as the heart so pressures are close to the pressure in the aorta leaving the heart

102
Q

The cold pressor test is used to demonstrate this

A

the effect of sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure

103
Q

The normal reflex response to a cold stimulus is this on blood pressure

A

increase in blood pressure (10 mmHg systolic)

104
Q

The highest blood pressure occurs at this point

A

when the ventricle contracts forcing blood into the artery

105
Q

The lowest blood pressure occurs at this point

A

when the heart is in its relaxation phase and no blood is flowing through the semilunar valves

106
Q

The dicrotic notch results when this occurs

A

the aortic semilunar valves close causing the blood in the aorta to rebound against the arterial walls to produce a slight elevation in pressure

107
Q

ECG stands for

A

electrocardiogram

108
Q

This is first rubbed on the skin to remove oil and dead cells this increase conduction

A

electrolyte jelly (NaCl or KCl)

109
Q

The ground on the right leg of an ecg serves this purpose

A

it is a ground connection that prevents unwanted external potential fields from distorting the records

110
Q

The father of the electrocardiogram

A

Willem Einthoven

111
Q

Einthoven’s law

A

Lead 1 + lead 3 = Lead 2

112
Q

attempting to exhale forcefully against a close glottis is called this

A

valsalva maneuver

113
Q

using einthoven’s triangle and law you can calculate the overall direction and magnitude of the impulses conducted over the heart and is called

A

electrical axis of the heart

114
Q

Left lung has this many lobes, and the right lung has this many lobes

A

2

3

115
Q

Flow of air into the lungs

A 
trachea
primary bronchus
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli
116
Q

Most gas exhange takes place here

A

alveoli (alveolar sacs)

117
Q

Some gas exchange takes place here

A

respiratory bronchioles

118
Q

Conducting zone of respiratory system includes

A 
larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
carina
right and left primary branchus
119
Q

Gas exchange takes place in this zone

A

respiratory zone

120
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells form thsi

A

the wall

121
Q

type 2 alveolar cells form this

A

surfactant

122
Q

look up what surfactant is

A

okay

123
Q

Macrophages do this

A

take out any pathogens or debris inside the alvoli

124
Q

Flow of O2 and CO2 in the respiratory zone

A

O2 into the capillary from the alveolus

CO2 into the alveolus from the capillary

125
Q

Two types of breathing

A

normal

forced

126
Q

These contract in normal breathing and have this affect

A

diaphragm
external intercostals
expansion of the thorasic cavity and lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to about -3mmHg

127
Q

These contract in forced (inhalation) breathing and have this affect

A 
diaphragm
external intercostals
sternocleidomastoid\
scalenes
parasternal intercostals
expansion of lung capacity over what is considered normal decreases intrapulmonary pressure to about -20 mmHg or lower
128
Q

These contract in forced (exhalation) breathing and have this affect

A 
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
force air out of the lungs, increasing intrapulmonary pressure to +30 mmHg or higher
129
Q

Review the mechanics of breathign

A

20:30 podcast

130
Q

What happens during normal expiration

A

relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals, plus elastic recoil of lungs, decreases lung volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to about +3mmHg

131
Q

name of the equipment used to determine lung volume, and how it works

A

Transducer

measures/compares pressures on both sides of the diaphragm to calculate lung volume

132
Q

Use this when doing the lung volume test to reduce pathogens

A

biofilter

133
Q

Emphysema

A

progressive condition in which alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer but larger alveoli

134
Q

emphysema results in this

A

decrease in surface area for gas exchange

135
Q

asthma

A

an obstruction of airflow through the bronchioles occuring in episodes.

136
Q

What is the obstruction caused by in asthma

A

inflammation of airway mucosa and bronchoconstriction (conduction zones)

137
Q

Three experiments of this lab

A

recording respiratory movements
measuring respiratory volume
measuring pulmonary function

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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