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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 7 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sex organs: male, females

A

testes

ovaries

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2
Q

Sperm and ovum are these types of cells and are denoted in this manor

A

gamates, haploid(n)

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3
Q

Fertilization results in this

A

zygot

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4
Q

Sex chromosomes: male, female

A

XY

XX

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5
Q

The zygot grows through

A

mitosis

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6
Q

These develop in early male embryo

A

seminiferous tubules

intersitial cells

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7
Q

Indifferent gonads are found at this stage

A

early embryonic

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8
Q

This determines if indifferent gonads will form testes or ovaries, and results from this

A

TDF, testes determining factory.

SRY gene on Y chromosome

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9
Q

When do the ovaries develop in the embryo

A

follicles do not develop until third trimester

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10
Q

Testes produce these two things

A

testosterone

Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)

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11
Q

MIF degenerates this

A

Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

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12
Q

The paramesonephric (mullerian) duct becomes this in men, and this in woman

A

Degenerates in men

froms uterus and uterine tubes in females

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13
Q

Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts are formed from this in the presence of this

A

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

estosterone

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14
Q

This happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in females

A

degenerates because there is no testosterone

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15
Q

other embryonic structures in the presence of testosterone become these

A

prostate
penis
scrotum

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16
Q

other embryonic structures without the presence of testosterone become these

A

vagina
labia
clitoris

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17
Q

At this time an ultrasound can be used to determine the sex of an embryo/child

A

12-13 week

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18
Q

Two structures that regulate gonadal function

A

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

THis is released by the hypothalamust and affects this organ

A

gonadaltropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

THis is released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH

A

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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21
Q

FSH stands for

A

folical stimulating hormone

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22
Q

LH stands for

A

Leutinizing hormone

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23
Q

T/F: FSH and LH are found in only females

A

F, found in both males and females

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24
Q

Gonadotropins act on this

A

gonads

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25
Q

What are the sex steroids

A

testosterone

estrogen

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26
Q

In the presence of gonadotropins the gonads release/produce this

A

sex steroids
inhibin
gamets

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27
Q

Sex steroids have this type of affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

negative

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28
Q

primary sex organ in the male

A

testis

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29
Q

testes produce this

A

sperm

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30
Q

maturation of the sperm takes place in this structure

A

epididymis

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31
Q

the ampulla, seminal vesicle and prostate form this

A

ejaculatory duct

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32
Q

Important glands in the male reproductive tract

A

seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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33
Q

The external urethral orifice is associated with this part of the penis

A

glans penis

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34
Q

Hormonally the imporant part of the male reproductive tract is his

A

testes

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35
Q

Testes contain this important structures

A

seminferous tubules

intersitital (leydig) cells

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36
Q

sperm is produced in this structure

A

seminiferous tubles

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37
Q

injected testosterone does this

A

negatively effects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing FSH and LH to stop being released
shrinks testes

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38
Q

Process of producing sperm is known as

A

spermatogenesis

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39
Q

Steps of sperm production in the testes

A

some spermatogonia undergo mitosis
other spermatogonia undergo meiosis and form primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyes undergo meiosis and from secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form spermatids
Spermatids mature into spermatezoa

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40
Q

The maturation from spermatids to spermatezoa is know as

A

spermiogenesis

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41
Q

Primary female sex organ

A

ovary

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42
Q

Important female reproductive structures

A

vagina
uterus
overy
uterine tubes

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43
Q

Eggs are release from the overies into this structure

A

uterine tube towards the uterus

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44
Q

Fertilization takes place here

A

uterine tube

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45
Q

The zygote develops here

A

uterus

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46
Q

How long is the egg viable after ovulation

A

24 hours

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47
Q

Sperm can live this long

A

36-48 hours within the female reproductive tract

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48
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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49
Q

perimetrium tissue type and function

A

connective tissuesite of attachement to peritoneal cavity

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50
Q

myometrium tissue type and function

A

smooth musclecontractions during labor to assist in delivery of fetus

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51
Q

endometrium tissue type and function

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; two layers stratum basale and stratum functionale
stratum functionale grows and sheds cyclically. site for implantation of zygote

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52
Q

Female has a limited number of these, that run out at about this time

A

oogonium

50 years old

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53
Q

Process of oogonium becoming a oocyte

A

oogonium becomes a primary oocyte

primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to from a polar body (degenerates) and a secondary oocyte

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54
Q

The secondary oocyte only becomes an ovum if this occurs

A

fertilization

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55
Q

Organ responsible for the formation of the ovum is know as

A

the follicle

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56
Q

This happens during each menstrual cycle to the follicle

A

8-10 grow in each overy

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57
Q

This many follicles will ovulate each menstral cycle

A

1

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58
Q

This hormone stimulates follicles to grow

A

FSH

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59
Q

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle (days after the onset of bleeding)

A

day foeteen

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60
Q

Changes in the overy are mimicked by this

A

changes in the uterus (thickening in the stratum functionale)

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61
Q

This day is when implantation in the uterus will general take place

A

day 20

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62
Q

Endometriosis is

A

when the epithelial tissue is not shed from the vagina, but passes back into the uterine tube and back into the abdominal pelvic cavity then some endometral tissue may attach

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63
Q

Birth control: pill

A

some contain two hormones: estrogen and progestin called comination pills
some are progestin only pill.

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64
Q

most common type of pill

A

combination

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65
Q

Birth control: patch

A

Same hormones as in the pill
estrogen
progestin

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66
Q

Birth control: depo provera

A

long acting progestin from of birth control that is injected into the muscle every 11 weeks

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67
Q

Birth control: nuva ring

A

Over the course of 3 weeks NuvaRing releases a continuous low dose of estrogen and progestin.
Hormone release is activated when contact with the vagina occurs

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68
Q

What is PID

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

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69
Q

PID is and infection of this

A

female reproductive organs

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70
Q

T/F, and explain: PID is linked to sexually transmitted diseases

A

T, one of the most serious complications of STDs in women

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71
Q

PID leads to this (think anatomy)

A

irreversible damage to uterus, overies, fallopian tubes, and other parts of the female repro. system

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72
Q

This is the primary preventable cause of infertility in women

A

PID

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73
Q

PID: normally the cervix prevents this

A

bacteria that enter the vagina from spreading to internal repro organs

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74
Q

PID: this occurs if the cervix is exposed to STD

A

the cervix becomes infected and less able to prevent spread of organisms to internal organs

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75
Q

PID occurs when this happens

A

disease causing organisms travel from cervix to upper genital tract

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76
Q

These cause 90% of PID cases

A

untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia

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77
Q

The remaining 10% of PID cases are caused by (3)

A

abortion
childbirth
pelvic procedures

78
Q

Signs and symptoms of PID (7)

A

Dull pain and or tenderness in stomach or lower abdominal area
pain in right upper abdomen
abnormal vaginal discharge that’s yellow or green in color or has unusual odor
painful urination
chills or high fever
nausea and vomiting
pain during intercourse

79
Q

Treaments for PID (3)

A

Antibiotics
Sexual partners may be treated
surgery needed to remove abscesses to prevent rupture

80
Q

PID: if abscesses are on the uterus or overies this may be required

A

hysterectomy

oophorectomy

81
Q

PID: If not treated can lead to (4)

A

scar tissue
ectopic pregnancy
infertility
long-term pelvic pain

82
Q

PID: this many women experience an episode each year

A

> 1 million

83
Q

This many women with PID will become infertile

A

1 in 8

84
Q

Best way to prevent PID

A

Barrier methods of contraception

85
Q

T/F: PID is completely preventable

A

T

86
Q

The #1 cause of PID is

A

untreated STDs

87
Q

Know the ovarian cycle, graphs and what occurs

A

See handout

88
Q

The seminiferous tubules are made of these two cell types

A

sertoli cells

leydig cells

89
Q

These are formed in the sertoli cells through this process

A

spermatids

spermatogenesis

90
Q

Path way of sperm from creation to ejaculation (SEVEN UP)

A 
Semineferous tubules
epdidymus
vas deferns
ejaculatory duct
Nothing for N
Urethra
Penis
91
Q

This occurs in the epididymus

A

sperm maturation and storage

92
Q

process of spermaturation in the epididymus

A

spermiogenisis

93
Q

Name of mature sperm cells

A

spermatozoan

94
Q

Ejaculatory duct is responsible for this

A

semen formation

95
Q

The urethra is for this purpose

A

tube for sperm

urine pathway

96
Q

The penis is associated with this structure

A

glans penis

97
Q

Whats up with the bulbourethral gland

A

produces a clear viscous liquid that clears out the urethra

98
Q

The seminal vesicals produce this

A

fructose for sperm energy

99
Q

Whats the purpose of the prostate

A

produces alkalyne fluid that protects sperm as it moves through the various repro tracts

100
Q

Estrus

A

means frenzy
time in rat’s repro cycle when she is receptive to sexual copulation
animal is “in heat”

101
Q

proestrus

A

this is a period of increasing levels of follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

102
Q

Vaginal smears contain mainly these during proestrus

A

nucleated epithelial cells

103
Q

in the rat proestrus lasts this long

A

8-12 hours

104
Q

During estrus high levels for estrogen do this

A

stimulate mitosis of cells in the uterus and vagina

105
Q

Vaginal smears contain mainly these during estrus

A

cornified cells

106
Q

in the rat estrus lasts this long

A

9-15 hours

107
Q

Metestrus

A

LH and luteotropic hormone (LTH) promote the formation of the corpus luteum
progesterone and estrogens increase

108
Q

vaginal smears contain this during metestrus

A

leukocytes and some cornified cells

109
Q

Diestrus

A

Longest stage, (lasts 60-70 hours)
corpus luteum regresses and the uterus is small and poorly vascularized
levels of gonado tropic and sexual hormones are at low levels

110
Q

Vaginal smears contain this during diestrus

A

mainly leukocytes

111
Q

Order of the estrus cycle

A

proesturs
estrus
metestrus
diestrus

112
Q

Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of this hormone

A

chorionic gonadotropin

113
Q

When is chorionic gonadotropin produced

A

early pregnancy

114
Q

This increases sharply as the placenta develops and reachs a peak level approximately eight weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

115
Q

Two classes of pregnancy tests

A

biological

immunological

116
Q

biological pregnancy tests depend on this

A

the effect of chorionic gonadotropin from the woman being tested

117
Q

The ascheim-zondek test is based on this

A

the fact that human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates immature ovaries to cause ovulation and secrete hormones that stimulate uterine growth

118
Q

The animal becomes immune to the chorionic gonadotropin by producing antichorinoic gonadotropin these

A

antibodies

119
Q

The blood serum of the injected animal will contain these antibodies which are, therefore called this

A

antiserum

120
Q

Study the shit ton of paperwork we got in lab

A

yeah….

121
Q

What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (Thyroid releasing hormone, TRH)

A

anterior pituitary
(thyroid stimulation hormone, TSH)
Thyroid
(Thyroid hormones, T3 + T4)

122
Q

What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (cortico releasing hormone, CRH)

A

anterior pituitary
(atrenocortotropin hormone, ACTH)
adrenal cortex
(cortisol)

123
Q

What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (gonadotropin releasing hormone, GnRH)

A 
anterior pituitary
(follical stimulating hormone, FSH)
(lutenizing hormone, LH)
testes/overies
(testosterone/estrogen)
124
Q

Digestion involves this

A

breaking down food products so they can be absorbed by the body and be utilized to build and repair our own body systems

125
Q

The digestive system consists of this tube

A

alumentary canal

126
Q

The alumentray canal begins here and ends here

A

mouth

anus

127
Q

T/F: the contents of the alumentary canal is considered inside the body

A

F

128
Q

Three salivary glands

A

parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland

129
Q

This is the largest organ in the body and is considered a gland

A

liver

130
Q

Two functions of the pancreas

A

exocrine

endocrine

131
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is associated with this

A

digestion

132
Q

The endocrine function of the pancrease is associated with this

A

regulation of blood sugar levels

133
Q

Abdominal glands of the digestive tract

A

liver

pancreas

134
Q

The role of the oral cavity

A

use teeth, tongue, and salvary secretions to masticate food, and prepare it for swallowing

135
Q

Pathway of swallowed food

A 
Pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestin
anus
136
Q

most digestive activity takes place here

A

small intestine

137
Q

This prepares the food/wastes for defecation

A

large intestine

138
Q

Enzymes in the digestive tract do this

A

assist in all the reactions that reduce molecues to the smallest size so they can be absorbed

139
Q

Enzymes are this type of molecule

A

protein

140
Q

The active sites on an enzyme have this

A

specificity

141
Q

Formula associated with enzyme slide

A

A+B (reactant substrates)
—>(enzyme)—->
C+D (products)

142
Q

T/F: Enzymes have a specific optimal temperature

A

T, a certain temperature will be the best for enzyme activity (remember slide)

143
Q

These have an effect on enzyme activity

A

Temperature

pH

144
Q

Pepsin is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

stomach

2 (acidic)

145
Q

salivary amylase is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

oral cavity

7 (neutral)

146
Q

trypsin is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

small intestine

9 (basic)

147
Q

T/F: Enzymes only work in one pH environment

A

F

148
Q

Explain reaction rate vs substrate concentration when an enzyme is present

A

Reaction rate increases slowly until a saturation point which becomes the maximum rate of reaction given a set number of enzymes
Gentle uphill slope that flattens out.

149
Q

Structures in the digestive canal speed digestion by doing this

A

increasing surface area

150
Q

Structures of the small intestine that increase surface area

A

Plicae circularis
villi
microvilli

151
Q

In the stomach this increases surface area

A

gastric rugae

152
Q

The villi of the small intestine are covered in this

A

brush boarder

153
Q

Enzymes are imbedded here in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

154
Q

Peristalsis does this

A

Through coordinated muscle movements or peristaltic waves, food is moved through the alumentary canal

155
Q

Peristaltic waves consists of contractions of these types of muscles

A

circular

156
Q

This is moved by peristaltic waves

A

bolus

157
Q

Food is moved before, or after the peristaltic wave

A

before, or in front of

158
Q

Three enzymes we will look at in lab

A

amylase
pepsinogen (pepsin)
lipase

159
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Amylase

A

Pancrease, salivary glands
startch
6.7-7.0
maltose and short chain glucose molecules

160
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Pepsinogen (pepsin)

A

chief cells
protein
1.6-2.4
shorter polypeptides

161
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Lipase

A

pancreas
triglycerides
8.0
fatty acids and monoglycerides

162
Q

Maltose is this type of molecule

A

two-chain sugar

163
Q

The gastric gland of the stomach consists of these parts (bottom to top)

A

Chief cell
parietal cell
mucous cell

164
Q

Two layers of the stomach

A

mucosa

submucosa

165
Q

Parietal cells secrete this

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

166
Q

This occurs if the mucous layer of the stomach is compromised

A

ulcer formation

167
Q

This is the only critical secretion of the stomach, and does this

A

intrinsic factor

protects Vit. B12 from being digested

168
Q

Vit. B12 is responsible for this

A

maturation of red blood cells

169
Q

Condition that occurs when B12 is not absorbed

A

peinecious anemia

170
Q

Enzyme pathway of the stomach

A

pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of HCl

Pepsin interacts with ingested proteins and breaks them down into short peptides

171
Q

Secretions into the small intestine come from these organs

A

liver

pancreas

172
Q

Main role of the liver is this

A

secreting bile salts that emulsify fat

173
Q

The pancreas secretes this, what does the secretion do

A

lipase

breaks down emulsified fat

174
Q

Within the villi of the SI there are two types of vessels, what are they

A

Capillaries

lacteal

175
Q

These are absorbed into the capillaries of the SI

A

simple sugars and amino acids

176
Q

The lacteal is responsible for this

A

absorbing fats

177
Q

Pathway of lymph from SI villi to main lymph system

A

lacteal
lymph vessel
thoracic duct

178
Q

Step 1: fat digestion in the SI

A

emulsification of fat droplets by bile salts secreted from the liver/gallbladder through the bile duct

179
Q

Step 2: fat digestion in the SI

A

Hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acids and monoglycerides by lipase

180
Q

Step 3: fat digestion in the SI

A

Dissolving of fatty acids and monoglycerides into micelles to produce “mixed micelles”

181
Q

Absorption of fat in the SI: pathway

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelius villi.
Reconstitution of the FA and MG into triglycerides inside the cell.
Apoprotein attaches to triglyceride to cause formation of chylomicrons.
Chylomicrons are exocytosed into the lacteal.

182
Q

What protein will we be testing in lab

A

egg white, and the effects of pepsin on it

183
Q

Genetic sex depends on this

A

combination of sex chromosomes

184
Q

gonadal sex is determined by this

A

presence or absence of SRY gene

185
Q

Phenotypic sex is determined by

A

presence or absence of masculinity hormones

186
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (the shot)

A

Stops egg from being released, thickens cervical mucus
Injected progestin shot every 3 months
99.7%

187
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (male condom)

A

physical barrier to sperm entering vagina
physically place on penis, check expiration date
98%

188
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (IUD)

A

Thickens cervical mucus so sperm can’t travel
T-shaped device inserted that secretes progestin
99.8%

189
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (birth control pills)

A

prevents release of egg so fertillization cannot occur, cervical mucus thickens
Take pill at same time every day, may be at risk if skip dose
99.7%

190
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (vaginal ring)

A

Ring inserted and releases flow of low dose hormones, stops egg release, cervical mucus thicker
once a month and left in for 3 weeks then taken out on 4th week for period and replace 7 days after last one
99.7%

191
Q

Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (patch)

A

prevent egg from releasing and thickens cervical mucus
stick patch on skin, same hormones as in pill, absorbed in skin, place on skin every three weeks, 4th week no patch for period, put new one on
99.7%

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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