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ahw resit > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Poultry Origins and Domestication

A

Grey and Red Jungle Fowl
Domestication:
Greeks - fighting, sacrifice, symbol of fertility, alarm clock
Romans - fighting, eggs and meat
Middle ages - increasing economic importance
Origins of ‘fancy’ breeds: arrival of ‘exotic’ breeds from far east in 19th, plumage and appearance more important than productivity, first poultry show: zoological garden 1845

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2
Q

Chicken meat retail £/kg

A

Fresh whole - lowest
Fresh whole free range
Fresh whole organic
Skinless breasts
Skinless breasts, free range
Skinless breasts, organic - highest

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3
Q

Poultry Industry Organisations

A

British Poultry Council:
- trade association for the poultry meat industry
- info on poultry-related topics e.g. breeding, meat, farming, transport
- research on poultry health and welfare and food safety
- develops codes of practice and assurance standards

The Poultry Club:
- safeguard the interests of pure and traditional breeds of poultry (chickens,ducks, geese and turkeys)

The British Waterfowl Association:
- enthusiasts interested in keeping, breeding and conserving all kinds of waterfowl

British Egg Information Service:
- info on all aspects of eggs e.g. nutrition, food safety, hygiene, facts and figures

National Farmers Union

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4
Q

Achieving maximum performance in poultry management

A

Easy care and control of the birds/protection/health
Convenient and cost effective use of resources
Suitable diet
Clean environment
Suitable climate control

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5
Q

Management of broilers - conditions

A

Temp - optimum is around 21 post brood
Nutrient/energy conc - optimum AME (apparent metabolisable energy) is 13.5 Mj/Kg
Lighting - follow a 24 hour rhythm cycle, at least 8 hours artificial light and at least 6 hours of darkness

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6
Q

Selection of broilers

A

Broilers are selected for fast growing, higher meat yield and low feed conversion

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7
Q

Broiler age schedule

A

Placed in houses usually from day old till they are 5 or 6 weeks of age moved to slaughter
Broilers are slaughtered before reaching sexual maturity and can be housed “as hatched” or in sexed groups

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8
Q

How many broilers per house

A

9000 to 45,000 depending on house size

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9
Q

Factors determining egg quality and price

A

Size
Shell Colour
Shell thickness/strength
Yolk colour
Haugh unit
Quality (Grade A, Grade B, Industrial eggs)

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10
Q

Temp effect on egg production

A

15 - large eggs, medium amount
21 - medium eggs, large amount (most efficient)
27 - small eggs, small amount

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11
Q

Lighting effect on egg production

A

Poultry are ‘long day’ breeders
Under controlled intensive conditions: reared under ‘short days’ until puberty, increasing photoperiod stimulates ovulation, maintaining ‘long days’ maintains ovulation
Free range conditions: influence of ‘natural’ photoperiod, ovulation at a lower rate

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12
Q

Principles of environmental control in poultry farms

A

Ventilation - removal of waste heat, gasses, water vapour, dust, provide fresh air
Insulation - conservation of metabolic heat in temperate climates, prevention of condensation on inner surfaces
Heating - important for young stock

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13
Q

Why is anti-clockwise air circulation bad in a poultry shed

A

Cold air will come into contact with the animals before being warmed, warm air is released without warming the incoming air causing a waste of heat
Incoming air must be mixed and warmed by following the roof line at speed to achieve an efficient, predictable ventilation pattern

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14
Q

Poultry housing issues

A

Inadequate design
Poor ventilation
Unsuitable bedding
Poorly maintained premises/old building

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15
Q

Poultry management problems

A

Poor attention to detail
Poor practices/lack of knowledge
Insufficient amount of staff

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16
Q

Brooding chickens

A

Brooding: hatching until around 10 days
Very young chicks are poikilothermic (internal temp varies)
High ambient temperatures are important

17
Q

Post brooding environment

A

Released into house, ambient temperatures reduced gradually
Mixture of litter and ‘slats’ - better air circulation on ‘wetter areas’ - better cocci control with better litter quality

18
Q

Poultry Feed Delivery

A

Precision of delivery is vital
Wasting food is expensive
Once split it will ferment reducing litter quality
Deteriorating litter quality is major problem

19
Q

Poultry water delivery

A

Precision of delivery vital
Wet and capped litter: increased ammonia production (resp problems), risk of pathogen proliferation, carcass downgrading, fabric of building will deteriorate
Maintain litter in a dry and friable condition
Deterioration link to: food/water spillage, not sufficiently absorbent material, poor quality diets

20
Q

Poultry legislations

A

Code of practice for the welfare of meat chickens and meat breeding chickens
Code of practice for the welfare of laying hens and pullets

21
Q

Implications of Free Range Egg Farming

A

Number of cracked/floor eggs increased -> reduced egg quality
Nematode infections increased - cannot use prophylactic anthelmintics in organic systems

22
Q

Poultry mutilations and preventions

A

Cannibalism, feather/vent pecking and bullying
Beak trimming on day old chicks is used to prevent this
The Welfare of Livestock Regulation 1982 prohibits any operation on a bird with the object or effect of impeding its flight or limiting vision

23
Q

Poultry Biosecurity Compromises

A

Difficult to control wild bird population: sites should be kept away from standing water which may attract waterfowl
Difficult to control airborne spread: try not to excite birds potentially affected with resp disease, as increased resp rate increased numbers of virus particles released
Major way viruses enter and pass through flocks is via faeces
Free range flocks are more at risk as we cannot avoid wild bird faeces

24
Q

Ideal material for biosecurity at poultry farms

A

Concrete:
Hard for pathogens to survive
UV light
Desiccation
Easier to disinfect
Dissuades wildlife from approaching

25
Q

Poultry Normal Behaviour (Ethogram)

A

Social - pecking order/hierarchy
Capable of flight
Roost
Omnivorous
Foraging/ranging
Dust bathing
Preening
Beak as exploratory organ
Broodiness

26
Q

Poultry abnormal behaviours

A

Feather pecking
Cannibalism
Loss of social hierarchy
Frustration if no nest building substrates

27
Q

Pertinent Poultry Legislation

A

Primary Legislation:
- Animal welfare act 2006
Secondary Legislation:
- Welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007
- Animal Health Act 1981
The Mutilations Regulation 2007
Tertiary Legislation:
- DEFRA codes of practice

28
Q

Avian Influenza Pathotypes

A

Highly pathogenic (HPAI):
- severe disease
- high mortality, 80-100%

Low pathogenecity (LPAI):
- mild respiratory disease, depression, egg production problems
- may exacerbate other infections/conditions

29
Q

How Does Avian Influenza Spread

A

Bird to bird though droplets from resp tract or by faeces
People and equipment
Unclear airborne transmission - wind? dust?
Other animals - cats, rodents, horse
Wild birds - migratory birds
Drinking water

30
Q

Control of Avian Influenza

A

Vaccination
PPE
Hand washing

31
Q

Newcastle Disease (NDV) spread

A

Routes of infection: secretions from resp tract, faeces
Wild carriers infected with low virulence strains
Via humans, equipment, bird movements, markets etc
Infected material remain contaminated
Vertical transmission

32
Q

Newcastle Disease Clinical signs

A

depression
mortality
prostration
diarrhoea
oedema of the head
nervous signs
egg abnormalities
egg drop
resp disease

33
Q

Salmonella Pullorum Clinical signs

A

Inappetance
Depression
ruffled feather
closed eyes
lameness
loud chirping
white diarrhoea
vent pasting
gasping

34
Q

Control of salmonella pullorum

A

Use of serological testing and elimination of positive birds

35
Q

Salmonella Pullorum post mortem findings

A

grey nodules in lungs, liver, gizzard wall, heart
intestinal or caecal inflammation
splenomegaly
Caecal cores
urate crystal in ureters

36
Q

Salmonella Gallinarum clinical signs

A

dejection
ruffled feathers
inappetance
thirst
yellow diarrhoea
reluctance to move
decreased egg production

37
Q

Salmonella gallinarum post mortem signs

A

bronzed, enlarged liver with small necrotic foci and congestion
engorgement of kidneys and spleen
anaemia
enteritis of anterior small intestine

38
Q

Control of salmonella gallinarum

A

vaccinations
biosecurity

39
Q

Avian E.Coli clinical signs

A

resp signs
decreased appetite
poor growth
mortality
high morbidity

ahw resit (13 decks)

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