Power and Authority - Survey + Dictators

Question 1

Why Italy left the Paris Peace Conference dissatisfied
- What they got
- What they didn’t get

Answer 1

Italy: took over South Tyrol and the Adriatic sea port of Trieste

Italy failed to gain Fiume or former German colonies nor any land in Asia Minor or Albania

Question 2

Why Japan left the Paris Peace Conference dissatisfied.

Answer 2

Brit immigration laws restricted non- white immigration
e.g. White Aus Policy.
Racial Equality Clause was rejected
Washington Conference hosted after PPC (1921-22)
Japan’s navy is limited
China’s independence is respected and China gains control over Shandong (formerly given to Japan during PPC)

Question 3

Treaty of Versailles year + terms

Answer 3

Signed 28 June 1919
War Guilt Clause 231 - 132 billion gold marks

Coal and timber 8 million given to France
German army reduced to 100 000
No tanks, air force, U-boats, Navy

Question 4

Similarities and Differences between the features of a dictatorship

Answer 4

Similarities
- Dissatisfied with Treaty of Versailles.
Russia = NKVD
Italy = Black Shirts
Germany = Nazis/Brown Shirts

Russia = Komsomol
Germany = Hitler Youth League
Italy = Opera Nazionale Balilla

Expansionist Fo Po

Differences
Japan = No Cult of Personality. Military had influence over the country such as General Tojo

Question 5

PPC France leader and their thoughts towards Germany

Answer 5

George Clemenceau
- Nicknamed ‘the Tiger’
- He advocated harsh peace terms including:
Loss of all colonies
Ban on air force

Question 6

PPC Britain leader and their thoughts towards Germany

Answer 6

David Lloyd George
- 1918 general election - Slogans like ‘make Germany pay’ and ‘hang the Kaiser,’
- He privately stated, “We cannot both cripple her [Germany] and expect her to pay].”
- Wanted Germany’s post-war economy to be healthy as before the war Germany 2nd largest trading partner

Question 7

PPC American leader and their thoughts towards Germany

Answer 7

Woodrow Wilson
- ‘14 Points’ (January 1918) foundation of negotiations.
- Aim to prevent war: Provide internationalism and collective security.

Question 8

PPC Italy leaders and their thoughts towards Germany

Answer 8

Vittorio Orlando
- Anticipated major territorial gains especially along the Adriatic Coast.
- Italy left the conference deeply unsatisfied.

Question 9

… means a done deal that Germany was forced to accept
Two German politicians signed the Treaty and Germans saw the Treaty as a …

Answer 9

Fait accompli
Diktat - dictated peace

Question 10

Summary of other Treaties signed

Answer 10

Saint-Germain (Sept 1919)
- Austria and Hungary separate nations
- Austria give up territory to Czecholsolvakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and Italy
- Not allowed to unite with Germany
- Reduced Army → 30,000

Trianon (June 1920)
- Hungary
- Confiscated parts of its territory given to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
→ nearly 70% of Hungary’s pre-war population and important economic resources such as timber, coal and iron industries
- Army limited to 35,000 personnel

Question 11

Issues with LoN

Answer 11

Lacked support from the key world powers
The changing make-up of permanent members of the council
→ Japan and Italy (policies clashed with LON goals) and USSR and Germany were only member for short periods
→ Germany + Japan leave LoN in 1933
Only Britain and France remained permanent members → ‘victor’s club’

Question 12

The idea that the November Criminals had …
The German military maneuvered the situation so the …

Answer 12

‘stabbed Germany in the back’
civilians would be blamed for conceding a war that the generals also felt couldn’t be won, but which they didn’t wish to admit.

Question 13

Importance of Personalities to the rise of Dictatorship
Cause + Effect

Answer 13

Cause
Soldiers were fed hate-filled propaganda for more than 4 yrs that impacted individuals’ personalities
War veterans couldn’t erase brutalisation of their training and the savagery of their existence at the front

Effect
Soldiers racially excluded those who came from the enemy nationality or religion
The fact that former soldiers were aggressive and violent led to long-lasting issues

Question 14

Economics Dictatorship
Cause + Effect

Answer 14

Cause
Economic Reparations some countries had to pay which led to the Great Depression

Effect
People starving, low education rates, slavery, and poverty spreading worldwide

Question 15

About Benito Mussolini
Fascist Slogan
Mussolini quote

Answer 15

Fascist leader, and came to power in Italy in 1922. Il Duce.

The Fascist slogan was ‘Believe, obey and fight!’.

In Mussolini’s words, - “Blood alone lubricates the wheels of history!”

Question 16

Fascist propaganda

Answer 16

‘Romanita’ – revival of Ancient Roman glories, permeated fascist propaganda
The Fascists tried to project an image of youthfulness
Classic Roman salute of the outstretched right arm = Sign of belonging

Question 17

The March on Rome – a deliberately staged action in … when Fascist leaders organised squads into …
Number of blackshirts

Answer 17

Oct 1922
mass demonstration, and almost-revolutionary violence allowed for Mussolini to take power.
30 000

Question 18

Italy’s economic and political conditions enabling rise of Dictators

Answer 18

1925
→ Battle for Grain - improved grain production but at cost of rising prices

1926
→ 22 Syndicates and corporations set up and they favoured employers and prevented unions from campaigning for better wages and conditions which led to large non-productive bureaucracy - by end of the 1930s Italy still had a very large agricultural sector.

7 different ministries from 1914 to 1922

Question 19

Italy’s social conditions Dictators
- Participation in youth groups

Answer 19

Education and various youth organisations attempted to indoctrinate Fascist values IIDuce

Impact:
Participation in youth groups made mandatory in late 1930s, before this 40% remained uninvolved

Question 20

Mussolini’s rise of power through male Suffrage quote historian

Answer 20

Mark Mazower- “trigger for the rise of Mussolini and his Fascist Party was the universal male suffrage as part of the 1919 reforms.”

Question 21

Italy Foreign Policy

Answer 21

In 1935 Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

In 1936 Italy and Germany formed the Rome-Berlin Axis

In 1937 Italy withdrew from the League

Question 22

JAPAN AFTER WW1: POLITICALLY

Answer 22

Commoners filling up most cabinet positions.
Later 1920s- Japanese economic prosperity is in decline.
Rural workers start to turn to socialist parties as the urban workers become wealthier at their expense.

Question 23

Japan Problem with Democracy

Answer 23

Unfavourable trade balance
= Western countries placed barriers for national interests
Japan’s growing population = strained food supplies
e.g. rice riots
Gap between rich and poor widening due to influence of Zaibatsu
Blocking Japanese emigration through 1924 Immigration Act.

Question 24

Japan Foreign Policy

Answer 24

Sept 1931 - Manchuria
Feb 24 1933 - Withdrew from LON
1940 - Tripartite Pact - Axis powers
Dec 1937 - Nanking Massacre, 300 000 murdered
1941 - Indochina invaded which led to US placing trade sanctions on Japan = oil or steel

Question 25

Manchuria Crisis …
Cause

Answer 25

1931 Sept 18
To avenge the sabotage of the South Manchurian Railway the Kwantung Army took the city of Mukden (Mukden Incident)

Question 26

General Tojo full name
Role

Answer 26

Hideki Tojo
General of the Imperial Japanese Army
Prime Minister of Japan 1941 October 18th
President of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association

Question 27

Japan ideologies

Answer 27

Militarism:
The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
1938, New Order in East Asia - Japanese expansion. Some historians see this as a belated attempt to justify expansion, rather than a coherent ideology= Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Question 28

Conditions that enabled dictators to rise - Japan

Answer 28

Political instability - Hirohito ascended to the throne when Japan was at its most democratic
Depression in agriculture - Booming silk trade and export prices fell by 50% in 1931. Half of the factories in Japan were closed due to the worldwide economic collapse
Political violence - The power of the military rising and through assassinations effectively took control of the govt. EXAMPLE: Tsuyoshi Inukai murdered 1932

Question 29

Historian Quote about Japan and LoN
Hint: Manchuria

Answer 29

Ian Kershaw
“…Manchuria had laid bare the feebleness of the League of Nations.”

Question 30

Economic Conditions Russia Stalin + Impacts

Answer 30

Collectivisation: Large government-controlled farms
Industrialisation: 5 Year Plans focused on rapid development of heavy industry
By 1941- 98% of USSR’s agricultural land had been collectivised

Impacts:
Kulaks - eliminated as a social class/labour camps
Forced collectivisation → famine
Poor working conditions
Gross National Product increases

Question 31

Social Conditions Russia Stalin + Impacts

Answer 31

Growth of industrial workers
Individual peasants declined from 75% to 3% of the population

Youth organisations: ‘Little Octoberistis’, ‘Young Pioneers’ and ‘Komsomol’

Socialist Realism

Question 32

Historian quote Stalin’s terror and control

Answer 32

Ian Kershaw “Terror was the defining characteristic of Stalin’s regime.”

Question 33

Class conflict in Italy after WW1
- Casualties in WW1
- Strikes purpose
- Strikes statistics

Answer 33

Over 5.7 million Italian soldiers served in WW1 was 95% of the total casualties.
1919 and 1920, Italy experienced strikes by the working class for an 8-hour work day, higher minimum wage rates, redistribution of the ownership of the means of production
In 1920 there were 1,881 industrial strikes and 189 agricultural strikes with over 1 million workers.

Question 34

Lloyd George quote in … about his intention

Answer 34

1919
“we want to protect the future against repetition of the horrors of this war.

Question 35

Quote by historian … in … about country’s reaction to Treaty of Versailles

Answer 35

Richard Overy, 2017
“It was a treaty that no one liked except Britain and France…”

Question 36

The pro-fascist poet … who had himself coined the phrase … to imply that

Answer 36

Gabriele D’Annunzio
mutilated victory
Italy had been cheated out of rightful gains from the war

Question 37

Quote about November Criminals

Answer 37

Deutsch Tageszeitung, newspaper editorial 1918 Nov
“…By men bearing the name of Germans, forced to her knees in disgrace by crime in her own ranks!… It is an act of treason towards the German people”

Question 38

Historians quote about the social situation in Germany following WW1

Answer 38

…fights and brawls became commonplace, and beatings-up and assassination were widely used
Richard Evans 2003

Question 39

Quote by a newspaper article in … on the day of the signing on ….

Answer 39

Berlin

28 June 1919 - diktat

“VENGEANCE!…There will be vengeance for the shame of 1919”