Power & Borders - CASE STUDIES Flashcards
Where is South Sudan located?
In east-central Africa. It is bordered by Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.
When did South Sudan gain independence as a sovereign state?
In 2011, but since then it has become one of the world’s least peaceful countries due to:
Ethnic rivalry, civil war and political instability
How has the civil war and instability impacted the people living in South Sudan?
Most of the pop. rely on subsistence farming due to food insecurity.
4.2 million people have been displaced.
Limited amounts of basic services due to govt. investing in defences and security.
Ethnic cleansing has taken place within the state.
How has the govt. intervened/impacted the conflict?
With President Kiir and VP Machar being of different ethnic tribes (Dinka & Nuer), Machar accused Kiir of providing better things for the Dinka tribe.
Due to the political infighting, the UN and NGOs had to intervene as govt. was failing to help their people.
Peace can’t be maintained, as Kiir and Machar are disagreeing on how much control is shared between the 10 states.
What have NGOs done to help those in South Sudan?
263 different NGOs to help rebuild South Sudan.
NGOs are working to forge relationships between govt. authorities and local communities.
eg.: Terre des Hommes is helping with basic necessities, food production and nutrition education.
Where is Mali located?
In west Africa. It is bordered by Algeria, Ivory Coast, Guinea and Burkina Faso.
What challenges are there to Mali’s sovereignty/territorial integrity?
Separatism - Tuareg ethnic group has declared independence of Azawad, based on the Tuareg’s supposed cultural rights of the area.
As the border was created by European colonisers, there was little regard for tribal lands.
Extremist activity - Armed groups have plotted attacks on Malian and regional military forces an French peacekeeping forces.
Schools have been targeted = reduces access to education and leads to exploitation of young children to violence and sex.
How has MINUSMA provided support for Mali?
Provided support for 2015 Peace and Reconciliation Agreement, legal and democratic elections.
Restored state authority/rule of law.
Protecting human rights.
What are some opportunities for growth within Mali?
Stability - ensuring peaceful, legal and democratic elections and restoring sovereign state control in the north.
Growth - strengthening governance of mining sector (economic growth) and diversifying Mali’s industries to reduce vulnerability to price fluctuations.
Development - access to health facilities, improving food security, and increasing school enrolment.
What are some challenges to growth within Mali?
Inequality - Mali is one of the poorest and least developed countries and internally experience a high level of income inequality. Cultural and linguistic divisions between ethnic groups have challenged peace.
Injustices - Govt. is unable to protect citizens from human rights abuses and extremist activity, and many people who have fled Mali have been displaced internally and neighbouring countries.
Where is Ukraine located?
In Eastern Europe, bordered by Belarus, Poland, Russia and Romania.
What had caused Ukraine’s sovereignty to be challenged?
After gaining independence from the Soviet Union, democracy and economic reform have been hard to achieve.
By internal political division - Russian-speaking west and Ukrainian-speaking east.
Unstable national identity has lead to endemic corruption, election rigging and violent demonstrations.
How has territorial integrity been challenged within Ukraine?
After govt. failure to sign EU Association Agreement in favour of closer ties with Russia, led to civil unrest - 2013.
Invasion/annexation of Crimea by Russian Federation in 2014.
Military conflict in Donbass, eastern Ukraine - pro Russian separatists were supported by Russian Federation, providing weapons and finance.
What does annexation mean?
When the possession of a country is taken by force/ without permission.
What were some environmental impacts of the conflict in Ukraine?
More burning had occurred due to bombings and explosives being used.
Movement of vehicles = damaged nature reserves.
