prac 3 Flashcards
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium. The coronary sinus empties directly into the right atrium near the conjunction of the posterior interventricular sulcus and the coronary sulcus (crux cordis area), located between the inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve;
Where do the right and left coronary arteries come from?
Two main coronary arteries originate from the base of the aorta as it exits the left ventricle: the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries further branch into smaller arteries to supply specific parts of the heart like the atria, ventricles, SA, and AV nodes.
Name the branch of the right coronary which supplies the sinoatrial node.
The sinoatrial nodal branch of the RCA provides blood to the SA node
name all of the branches of the left and right coronary arteries.
right Branches
– Ascending sinoatrial
– Right marginal
– Atrioventricular nodal
– Posterior interventricular
left Branches
– Anterior interventricular
– Circumflex
Name the three layers of the pericardium. Which of these layers is also the
epicardium of the heart?
The pericardium is composed of three membranous layers that encircle the exterior of the heart: the outer fibrous pericardium, the middle parietal pericardium, and the inner epicardium (also referred to as the visceral pericardium).
What nerve/s supply the pericardium.
phrenic nerve (C3-C5) and vagus nerves
Name one artery that supplies the pericardium. Where does this artery originate
from?
The arterial supply of the pericardium comes predominantly from the pericardiacophrenic artery (a branch of the internal thoracic artery). This artery is located within the fibrous pericardium on its passage through the thoracic cavity.
Name the potential space that allows for reduction of friction during the contraction &
dilation of the heart muscle. Where would you find this space?
pericardial cavity has serous fluid. found between fibrous and its between the parietal pericardium (the outer layer of the pericardium) and the visceral pericardium (the inner layer, also known as the epicardium, which directly covers the heart)
What structure does the ligament arteriosum derive from in the embryo?
Ligamentum arteriosum (also known as Ligament of Botallo or Harvey’s ligament) is a fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus (ductus Botalli, Botallo’s duct).
What is the function of ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?
During fetal development, the ductus arteriosus serves as a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. In the fetus, blood is oxygenated in the placenta and ultimately pumped to the body systems. The fetal lungs are filled with amniotic fluid and, therefore, cannot be used to oxygenate the blood.
Can you name any other shunts that are present in fetal circulation?
The fetal circulatory system bypasses the lungs and liver with three shunts. The foramen ovale allows the transfer of the blood from the right to the left atrium, and the ductus arteriosus permits the transfer of the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
Name the valves found at each of the atrioventricular orifices
There are two AV valves:
Tricuspid valve - located between the right atrium and the right ventricle (right atrioventricular orifice). …
Mitral valve - located between the left atrium and the left ventricle (left atrioventricular orifice).
How do these valves differ from the pulmonary and aortic valves?
The mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves separate the atria from the ventricles, while the aortic and pulmonary semilunar (SL) valves separate the ventricles from the great arteries. AV valves have leaflets and SL valves have cusps.
Note the thickness of the ventricular walls. Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than
the right ventricular wall?
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle because the left ventricle pumps blood for all the parts and tissues of the body and hence, need thicker walls for more work that needs to be done, whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs which require less work.
Where do the abdominal muscles attach on pelvic bone?
(RETI) The abdominal muscles attach to the pelvic bone in several locations:
Rectus abdominis: This is the long muscle that runs vertically along the front of the abdomen. The lower portion of the rectus abdominis attaches to the pubic symphysis, which is a joint in the front of the pelvis.
External oblique muscles: These muscles are located on the sides of the abdomen. Their lower fibers attach to the anterior part of the iliac crest, which is a prominent bone on the pelvis.
Internal oblique muscles: These muscles also run along the sides of the abdomen. Their lower fibers attach to the inguinal ligament, which spans between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic tubercle, both of which are bony landmarks on the pelvis.
Transversus abdominis: This muscle is the deepest layer of the abdominal muscles and runs horizontally across the abdomen. Its lower fibers attach to the inner surface of the inguinal ligament and the iliac crest.
Which structure/s convert the sciatic notches into foramina?
It lies between posterior superior iliac spine and ischial spine ,the sacrospinous ligament changes this notch into an opening called greater sciatic foramen..
Name the muscle that covers the internal aspect of the obturator foramen?
Give the details of the insertion of this muscle and the innervation
obturatorius internus: This muscle also arises from the obturator membrane and the bone surrounding the obturator foramen, albeit at its ventral side. The insertion is at the medial side of the greater trochanter of the femur.
Name the attachments of the inguinal ligament on this bone?
Anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercle
What is the arcuate line? Describe the rectus sheath using diagrams to illustrate your
answer.
The arcuate line is located about midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis and represents the inferior portion of the posterior rectus sheath. Therefore, below the arcuate line, only an anterior layer of the rectus sheath exists, and there is no posterior layer of the rectus sheath.
Explain why you cannot see the formation of the lumbar plexus
You can’t see the lumbar plexus because it’s deep inside the lower back, buried under layers of muscle and other tissues. It’s surrounded by important structures like muscles and organs, making it hard to access. Unlike some body parts that you can see through the skin or with imaging techniques, the lumbar plexus remains hidden. Specialized methods like MRI or CT scans can indirectly show it, but it’s still tricky to see clearly. So, understanding it requires knowledge of anatomy and advanced imaging technology.
