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Nutrition > Pregnancy and lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Most critical and unique period

A

Pregnancy period

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2
Q

Best time to review nutritional status

A

Prior to conception

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3
Q

Important time of fetal development? Why?

A

1st several weeks of pregnancy: fetal body system formation and development

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4
Q

Weight gain during pregnancy

A

Desirable and encouraged

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5
Q

Weight gain should not be confused with

A

Obesity

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6
Q

Period of great physiological stress

A

Pregnancy

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7
Q

Increased basal metabolic rate (bmr)

A

Increases 5% during 1st trimester and 12% during 2nd and 3rd trimester

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8
Q

Gastrointestinal changes

A

Alteration in GI function causes:
Nausea
Constipation
Vomiting

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9
Q

Later trimester in pregnancy

A

Vitamin b12, iron, calcium increases to meet mother and fetus needs

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10
Q

Inadequate diet during pregnancy may develop nutritional diseases like

A

Anemia
Rickets
Suffer from infectious diseases due to lack of good immunity

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11
Q

To gain 11-14 kgs, additional calories would be

A

200-300 per day

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12
Q

Total cals perday would be

A

2400-2700 from 2200

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13
Q

Calories per day for 1st trimester

A

85kcal/day

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14
Q

2nd trimester kcal per day

A

285

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15
Q

3rd trimester

A

475 kcal/day

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16
Q

Normal weight women weight gain

A

24-32 lbs (10-14.5 kg)

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17
Q

Underweight women weight gain

A

28-36 lbs (13 - 16.5 kgs)

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18
Q

Overweight women weight gain

A

16-24lbs (7.3-11 kgs)

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19
Q

Protein need

A

68mg or 70mg needed for pregnancy

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20
Q

Calcium needs

A

Non pregnant kay 800, but if pregnant is 1200

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21
Q

Low calcium

A

Causes cramps

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22
Q

Needed for folic acid is

A

800 mg

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23
Q

General dietary problems:

A 
Nausea and vomiting 
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Constipation
Hemorrhoids
Heartburn
Pica
Anemia
Ntd
Gestational db
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24
Q

Risk factors:

A 
Age and parity
Alcohol
Cigarettes
Drugs
Vitamin a megadoses
Caffeine
Socioeconomic problems
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25
Q

Contraindications:

A

Hiv women
Alcoholic
Addicts
Women w heart problems

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26
Q

Important nutrients for pregnancy

A

FICVV

folate
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
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27
Q

Folate

A

Reduces risk of NCCLUPIF

neural tube defects
Congenital heart defects
Cleft lips
Limb defects
Urinary tract anomalies
Preterm delivery
Infant low birth weight
Fetal growth retardation
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28
Q

Iron

A

Surge in blood volume 50% increase

Also required for normal development of the growing baby and placenta

Iron req for pregnancy: 18 to 27-30mg per day

Since iron is not easily absorbed in the diet, iron supplement is recommended

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29
Q

Risk profile for an Anaemic mother includes

A

Preterm birth
Low birth weight
Increased blood loss during and after labour
Depleted stoes

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30
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps the body to use calcium that is consumed

Maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels

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31
Q

Low vitamin D causes

A

Autism

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32
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A 
Sunlight exposure
Fish
Milk
Cereal
Pork
Mushrooms
Riccota cheese
Cod liver oil
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33
Q

Calcium

A

Total calcium concentration falls bc if PHYSIOLOGIC HYPOALBUMINEMIA

free ionized calcium concentration does not change

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34
Q

Placenta produces

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, which results in increased intestinal absorption of calcium

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35
Q

Calcium is actively transported across the placenta

A

Facilitated by parathyroid hormone-related peptide

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36
Q

Vitamin A

A

For healthy growth

Too much can cause birth defects

Formation of rhodopsin (for normal vision)

Glycoprotein synthesis (epithelial cell function)

Regulates gene transcription

Anti oxidant action

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37
Q

Toxicity

A

If too much is taken in, it can be toxic

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38
Q

DHA stands for

AA stands for

A

Docosahexaenoic acid arachidonic acid

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39
Q

Last trimester of pregnancy

A

Enormous growth spurt in human brain

40
Q

First postnatal months

A

Large increase in cerebral content of arachidonic acid

41
Q

If there is not enough weight gain

A 
Low birth weight 
Early birth
Baby may not develop properly
Baby may have life long problems
Higher perinatal mortality
42
Q

If there is too much weight gain

A

High birth weight baby
Difficult birth (feto pelvic disproportion)
Higher perinatal mortality
Mother may develop gestational diabetes
Baby may develop diabetes and cardiac problems later in life

43
Q

Caffeine

A

3 small cups of coffee is safe

44
Q

Causes mild to severe mental and physical damage to fetus

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

45
Q

Fas affects

A

1-3 in every 1000 live births

46
Q

Facial features for FAS

A

Short eye slits
Flattened midface
Smooth and elongated space between nose and mouth
Narrow upper lip

47
Q

Pregnancy induced diseases:

A

Anemia
PIH
gestational diabetes

48
Q

Milk content

A

850 ml average 24kcal/oz

49
Q

Milk production

A

400-450 cal

50
Q

Thin yellowish color secreted few days after birth

A

Colostrum

51
Q

Types of breast milk

A 
Colostrum
Transitional milk
Mature milk
Preterm milk
Fore milk
Hind milk
52
Q

First week after delivery

Yellow, thick, more antibodies and WBC

Secreted in small quantities

High protein

Never be discarded

A

Colostrum

53
Q

Two weeks

Contain immunoglobulin

Low protein content

Increase fat and sugar content

A

Transitional milk

54
Q

Thin and watery

Contains all nutrients

A

Mature milk

55
Q

This is milk for mothers who delivers premature

High protein, sodium, iron and immunoglobulin

A

Preterm milk

56
Q

Secreted at the start of feed

Watery

Rich in proteins, sugar, vitamins, minerals and water

Satisfied the baby’s thirst

A

Fore milk

57
Q

Comes later during feed

Rich in fat content

Optimal growth needs hind and fore milk

A

Hind milk

58
Q

6-8 hrs (room temp)

A

Human milk

59
Q

24hrs cooler bag

A

Expressed milk

60
Q 
5 days (40F)
2 weeks (0-5F)
3-12 months deep freezer
A

Breast milk

61
Q

Other nutritional problems

A

Obesity
Baby bottle tooth
Colic

62
Q

Born between week 37 and 42 of gestation

A

Term infant

63
Q

Born in week 37 of gestation

A

Preterm or premature infant

64
Q

After week 42

A

Post term infant

65
Q

Weighs less than 2500g

A

Low birth weight lbw

66
Q

Weight less than 1500g

A

Very low birth weight infant vlbw

67
Q

Weighs less than 1000g

A

Extremely low birth weight

68
Q

Birth weight is less than the 10th percentile of the standard weight for that gestational age

A

Small gestational age

69
Q

Birth weight between 10th to the 90th percentile

A

Appropriate for gestational age

70
Q

Birth weight is above 90th percentile of the IUGC

A

Large for gestational age

71
Q

Composition of breastmilk

A

Protein
Fats
Cho
Antibodies

72
Q

Consists 6% to 7% of total calories

Amino acid pattern is ideal for infants

A

Proteins

73
Q

50% of total calories

High in linoleic acid

Easily digested

Contains high level of cholesterol which may help infants develop enzyme systems

A

Fats

74
Q

42% of total calories

A

cHO

75
Q

Most abundant cho, growth of friendly G.I. Bacteria and promotes calcium absorption

A

Lactose

76
Q

Also abundant in mature breast milk

A

Antibodies

77
Q

Nutrient intake must meet

A

Needs for:

Maintenance and activity

Growth

78
Q

Period between 1 to 6 yrs old

A

Intellectual
Social
Emotional development

79
Q

What to expect at 2-3 yrs

A

Weight gain is 1.4-2.3 kg/yr

Rapid brain growth at 5 yrs

Weight approx. 5x BW 3-6 yrs

80
Q

Age of childhood / children

A

12 months to 11 years

81
Q

Children’s likes:

A

Mildly flavored food

Plain foods

Fruits, simple desserts

82
Q

Childrens dislikes

A

Strong flavors

Spicy food

Mixed dishes

83
Q

Protein required allowance

A

2g/kg

2/3 - high biologic value

84
Q

Needed for growth

Increases body size

A

Protein

85
Q

40%-60% calories come from this

Provide fiber, whole wheat, fruits and veggies

A

Cho requirement

86
Q

Appetite slows down

Picky eaters

Food “jags”

A

At age 1-2

87
Q

Eat most foods except certain vegetables

Dawdles over food

A

Age 3

88
Q

Prefers to talk rather than eat during meals

Refuses to eat to the point of tears

A

Age 4

89
Q

Likes familiar foods

Prefer easy to eat and portable foods

A

Age 5

90
Q

Many feeding problems disappear

Appetites and food preferences predictable

A

Age 6

91
Q

Food habits of adolescents

A 
Skipping meals
Snacking
Fast foods
Unusual food choices
Alcohol consumption 
Obesity
Anorexia nervosa
92
Q

Body wisdom

Intimacy vs isolation

A

18-40 yrs ols

93
Q 
Vanishing flesh (sarcopenia)
Generativity vs self absorption
A

40-65 yrs old

94
Q

Generally brings gradual waining of physical vigor, work capacity and strength

Integrity vs despair

A

65-85

95
Q

Oldest old

A

85

96
Q

Nutritional related concerns of older adults

A

Cataracts
Macular degeneration
Arthritis
Aging brain: alzheimer’s disease

Nutrition (1 decks)

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