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Preventive Medicine > Preventive Med Recall > Flashcards

Preventive Med Recall Flashcards

1
Q

First and foremost task in the entire process of scientific research

A

Identifying the problem

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2
Q

Blueprint or framework to answer all the objective

A

Study design

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3
Q

A characteristic of population or sample that is of interest for us

A

Variable

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4
Q

Research Process

A

Step – 1: Identifying the Problem
Step – 2: Reviewing of Literature
Step – 3: Setting research questions, objectives, and
hypotheses
Step – 4: Choosing the study design
Step – 5: Deciding on the sample design
Step – 6: Collecting data
Step – 7: Processing and Analyzing Data
Step – 8: Writing the report – Developing Research Proposal,
Writing Report, Disseminating and Utilizing Results

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5
Q

the science that deals with the collection of data, organization of data, analysis of data, and interpretation of data (COAI)

A

Statistic

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6
Q

refers to the tendency of a measurable characteristic to change from one individual or one setting to another

A

Variation

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7
Q

the observed values of variable and or collection of observation

A

Data

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8
Q

Stimuli that the researcher manipulate to create effects

A

Independent variable

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9
Q

Effects of action fo independent, responding behavior that a researcher wants to explain

A

Dependent variable

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10
Q

act of studying or examining only a segment of the population to represent the whole

A

Sampling

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11
Q

Refers to the entire group of individuals or items of interest in the study

A

Population

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12
Q

It is a subset of the population

A

Sample

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13
Q

The outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent variable

A

Cofounders

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14
Q

The group form which representative information is desired and to which interference will be made

A

Target population

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15
Q

Population from which a sample will actually be taken

A

Sampling population

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16
Q

unit of the population that we select in our sample

A

Sampling unit

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17
Q

List or map that shows all the sampling units in the population

A

Sampling Frame

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18
Q

object or a person in which a measurement is actually taken or observation is made

A

Elementary unit

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19
Q

physical presence is important regardless of where they usually live

A

De facto Census

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20
Q

Assign individuals in their usual residence regardless of where they were during the census

A

De Jure Census

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21
Q

refers to the different methods applied to summarize and [resent data in a form to make them easier to analyze and interpret by using methods of tabulation, graphic representation and summary measures

A

Descriptive Statistics

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22
Q

Methods involved in order to make generalizations and conclusions about a target populations, based in result from a sample includes
estimation of parameters
testing of hypothesis

A

Inferential statistics

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23
Q

naming or categoric variables that are not based in measurement or rank order
Dichotomous(binary): yes or no
Lowest form in measuring data

A

Nominal

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24
Q

Arranged un rank ordered categories

A

Ordinal

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25
Q

value if zero is arbitrary / random( Fahrenheit and Celsius)

A

Interval

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26
Q

positive properties of all variables; zero is fixed or absolute
Highest form to measure data

A

Ratio

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27
Q

characteristic of data collection that describes the closeness of a measured or computed value to its true value

A

Accuracy

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28
Q

characteristic of data collection which describes as close measurements of the same item are to each other
Consistency and reproducibility of a test

A

Precision

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29
Q

A best available diagnostic test determining whether a patient does or does not have a disease condition

A

Gold standard test

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30
Q

What entails reduced precision in a test

A

Random error

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31
Q

What entails reduced accuracy in a test

A

Systematic error

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32
Q

refers to the extent to which an observation reflects the truth of the phenomenon being measured

A

Validity

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33
Q

Refers to the extent to which repeated measurements of a relatively stable phenomenon fall closely to each other

A

Reliability

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34
Q

Is a test ability to correctly designate a subject with the disease positive

A

Sensitivity

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35
Q

Is a test ability to correctly designate a subject without a disease negative

A

Specificity

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36
Q

The probability that the subject with a positive abnormal test actually has a disease

A

Positive predictive

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37
Q

The post test probability that the subject has no disease given a negative result

A

Negative predictive

38
Q

defined as the probability of a subject who has the disease testing positive divided by the probability of a subject who does not have the diseases testing positive

A

Likelihood ratio

TP/FN

39
Q

Predictive values are dependent on the ____ of the disease

A

prevalence

40
Q

Formula for sensitivity

A

TP/TP+FN or A/A+C

41
Q

Formula for specificity

A

TN/TN+FP or D/D+B

42
Q

The formula for positive predictive value

A

TP/TP+FP or A/A +B

43
Q

The formula for negative predictive value

A

TN/ TN+FN or D/D+C

44
Q

Use to assess the value of performing a diagnostic test

A

Likelihood ratio
LR of <1 decrease in likelihood for disease

LR of 1 no diagnostic value or no change

LR of >1 increased in likelihood for disease

45
Q

people presenting for screening tend to be healthier leading to a false sense of better outcome

A

Self selection bias

46
Q

the phenomenon where an early diagnosis of a disease falsely makes it look like people are surviving longer

A

Lead time biased

47
Q

Refers to the fact that screening is more likely to pick up slower growing, less aggressive cancer which can exist in the body longer than fast-growing cancers before symptoms develop

A

Length bias

48
Q

the aggressive search for abnormalities might actually lead to harm and great cost without reaping any benefits

A

over diagnosis bias

49
Q

is a mathematical function that gives you the probability of any given sample being drawn

A

Sampling design

50
Q

Is a method of selecting sample wherein each element in the population has a known non-zero chance of being included in the sample

A

Probability sampling design

51
Q

The probability of each member of the population to be selected in the sample is difficult to determine or cannot be specified

A

Non probability sampling design

52
Q

The most basic type of sampling design, every element has an equal chance;
the study involves a relatively small population within a readily available sampling frame

A

Simple random sampling

53
Q

sampling method where the population is divided into non overlapping sub population and then select one sample from each strata

A

Stratified random sampling

  • increase the precision of the estimates of the parameters being considered
54
Q

Sampling design in which the first element is at random and selection of the other elements is subsequently taking every sampling interval

A

Systematic sampling design

55
Q

The population is first divided into sampling units and a sample of the cluster is being selected then every element in that cluster is included in the study

A

cluster sampling

56
Q

a sampling design that has an increased rate of homogeneity( similarities and or characteristic of elements)

A

cluster sampling

57
Q

The hierarchical configuration of sampling unit and we select sample of these units in stage

A

Multistage sampling design

58
Q

sample selection based on experts subjective judgement or on some pre specified criteria

A

Purposive or judgement

59
Q

sample selection based on whatever item comes at hand or whoever is available

A

Accidental or Haphazard

60
Q

The target population is small or hard to locate; uses chain referral technique

A

snowballing

61
Q

sample selection is based on the given quota to meet which researchers look for a specific characteristic in their respondents

A

Quota

62
Q

a simplest and most effective way to present comparative data

A

bar graph

63
Q

Type of graph which shows the comparison of absolute or relative counts, rates
Nature of variable is Qualitative-categorical

A

Bar graph

64
Q

What graph is used better in the representation of mortality?

A

Horizontal Bar graph

65
Q

Graph that can be used to compare 2 populations or distribution; an alternative to a pie chart

A

Component or stacked bar graph

66
Q

a graph that is used to show the trends

A

Vertical bar graph

67
Q

a graph wherein the frequency distribution is represented by adjoining vertical bars wherein the cases are stacked in adjoining columns

This is used to analyze outbreaks data and to show ab epidemic curve

A

Histogram

68
Q

Graph that shows the trend data or changes with time or age with the respect to other variables

A

Line graph

69
Q

a graph that is used to correlate between w quantitative variables

A

Scatter plot

70
Q

graph that is used to show the distribution of morbidity

A

Pictograph

71
Q

A graph in which values are plotted in decreasing order of relative frequency from left to right

A

Vertical bar graph

72
Q

It is a combination of a column chart and line graph in which is extremely useful for analyzing what problems need attention first.
This clearly illustrates which variables have the greatest cumulative effect on a given system

A

Pareto chart

73
Q

the most common measure of central tendency

A

Mean

74
Q

a measure of central tendency that is useful in skewed data

A

Median

75
Q

a measure of central tendency that is used in public health statistics
Also, use fo bimodal distribution

A

Mode

76
Q

The most common and useful measure of the average distance of each score from the mean
It is the square root of the variance

A

Standard deviation

77
Q

what are the measures of dispersion

A

Range
Variance
standard deviation
coefficient of variation

78
Q

the measure of dispersion in which it is used when the units of measurement of variables being compared are different

A

Coefficient of variation

79
Q

What measure of dispersion will you use to compare the variability of:

Age of residents of brgy A and brgy B

A

standard deviation

80
Q

What measure of dispersion will you use to compare the variability of:

age and height of residents of brgy A

A

Coefficient of variation

81
Q

What are the measures of location

A
  1. Quartile
  2. decile
  3. percentile
82
Q

It is a probability function that describes how the values of a variable are distributed

A

Normal Distribution

83
Q

It says that as the sample size increases, the distribution of the mean of a sample from the large population with mean and standard deviation approaches that of a normal distribution with a mean and standard deviation

A

central limit theorem

84
Q

statement about the population based on the probability of occurrence of the sample result if the null hypothesis were true

A

Hypothesis testing

85
Q

Steps of hypothesis testing

A
  1. state the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
  2. state the level of significance
  3. choose the test statistic
  4. determine the critical region
  5. compute the test statistic
  6. make a statistical decision
  7. draw a conclusion about the population
86
Q

Statement of equality, It is framed in hopes of being able to reject it so that the
alternative hypothesis could be accepted

A

Null hypothesis

87
Q

research hypothesis, The hypothesis that the investigator believes in

A

alternative hypothesis

88
Q

test statistic of alternative hypothesis which states that there is a difference but does not specify its direction

A

two tailed test

89
Q

test statistic of alternative hypothesis which states that there is a difference and specify its direction of difference

A

one tailed test

90
Q

Long term fluctuation of disease occurrence

over many decades

A

Secular Trend

91
Q

when the outlying values are small
Mean is smaller than the median
Mean

A

Skewed to the left

Preventive Medicine (2 decks)

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