Problem 2 - DONE Flashcards
perceptual development
1
Q
vision
A
- visual acuity
- -> contrast sensitivity
- -> colour perception
- visual scanning
- pattern perception
- object perception
- depth perception
2
Q
visual acuity
A
- sharpness of visual discrimination –> how clearly one can see
- contrast sensitivity
- colour perception
- methods: preferential looking and visual evoked potential
3
Q
contrast sensitivity
A
- ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern
- by determining smallest difference between dark and light bars of a grating, at which an observer can still detect the bars
–> reason: immaturity of infants’ cones
4
Q
colour perception
A
- develops early –> present within first 3 to 4 months of life
- method: habituation
5
Q
visual scanning
A
- start visually scanning environment right away
- tracking moving stimuli is difficult
- visual scanning is restricted
6
Q
pattern perception
A
- analysing and integrating the separate elements of visual display into a coherent pattern
- active integration of separate elements in stimulus —> into a single pattern
- coherence among moving elements
7
Q
object perception
A
- perceptual constancy = perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, colour, etc. in spite of physical differences in the retinal images of the object
- object segregation = identification of separate objects in a visual array
8
Q
face recognition (goldstein)
A
- preference for mother is so strong —> overrides usual tendency to prefer novel stimuli
- no clear evidence for face-sensitive mechanism
9
Q
depth perception
A
- depth and distance cues –> to navigate through our environment
- optical expansion = depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating that the object is approaching
- binocular disparity = difference between retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain
- -> stereopsis
- monocular depth cues = pictorial cues = perceptual cues of depth (such as relative size and interposition) that can be perceived by one eye alone
10
Q
hearing
A
- at birth: well developed (relative to visual system); inner ear structures appear to be mature, conduction of sound through he outer parts is inefficient
- improvements in ear; auditory pathways in the brain mature
- -> other factors: auditory localisation = perception of spatial location of a sound source
11
Q
threshold and recognising mother’s voice (goldstein)
A
- 3 months: infants only occasionally heard the tone that was presented at low intensities or not at all; more likely at high intensity
- newborns recognise their mother’s voice –> they heard the mother talking during development in the womb
12
Q
music perception
A
- infant-directed singing
- music memory is surprisingly detailed
- consonant preference (like adults)
- melodic perception (unlike/better than adults)
- musical rhythm (unlike/better than adults)
13
Q
perceptual narrowing
A
- with experience perception is narrowed
- inexperienced infants detect more differences
- -> become attuned to patterns in biological and social stimuli that are important in their environment
14
Q
speech perception (goldstein)
A
- starting point for understanding speech perception: response to phonemes
- -> phonemes = smallest unit that when changed, changes the meaning of a word
- 1 month: capable of categorical perception
- 1 year: tuning of phonemes of the language to which they have been exposed
15
Q
olfaction and taste
A
- develops before birth
- -> taste: newborns can discriminate sweet, sour, bitter
- preferences taste: sweet flavours
- -> smell: how to learn to recognise their mothers; smell and discriminate
- preferences smell: breast milk (natural food source for human infants)