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MBB162 - Done > Prof Hoiczyk - Done > Flashcards

Prof Hoiczyk - Done Flashcards

1
Q

Does a bacterial genome have any non-coding DNA?

A

No

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2
Q

What is the name for a subunit of genes in a bacterial genome which shares a single promoter?

A

operon

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3
Q

Does coiling take place in bacterial genomes?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What are the main differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic genomes in terms of structure?

A

Coiling but histone proteins used in eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have nucleus, pro have nucleoid

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5
Q

Where does replication start in a bacterial chromosome?

A

The origin of replication

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6
Q

What is the name used to describe the junction where unzipping of DNA takes place?

A

Replication fork

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7
Q

What is broken in order to unzip DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds between base pairs

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8
Q

What is the function of primers?

A

they allow a site for the DNA polymerase to bind

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9
Q

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strand?

A

The lagging strand has more than one primer

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10
Q

What feature of DNA polymerase meaning that there is a difference between the leading and lagging strand?

A

It can only add NTPs on in a 5’–>3’ direction

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11
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

short sections of DNA made by DNA polymerase on the lagging strand in between primers

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12
Q

What is the name of the ring structure which is formed hen replicated chromosomes are linked to each other?

A

Catenane rings

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13
Q

What is formed when the 2 rings of DNA in bacterial replication are uncoupling?

A

A Holliday Junction

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14
Q

What is the selectable marker region in a cloning vector?

A

Usually codes for antibiotic resistance and allows the identification of bacteria with the vector

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15
Q

Why are the resistance genes in the plasmid and not in the nucleoid?

A

the plasmid allows horizontal gene transfer via conjugation

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16
Q

What is the difference between the 2 media used when screening mutants?

A

one is complete - mutants grow

one is minimal - mutants don’t grow

17
Q

What is a misense mutation?

A

change in a single base which changes the residue

18
Q

Why in misense mutations does a change in the first residue of the codon usually result in a change in function?

A

The genetic code is degenerate and the specificity of the codon sequence to the amino acid decreases as you go from 1st to 3rd

19
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

change in a single base resulting in a premature stop codon

20
Q

Give 2 examples of when nonsense mutations are detrimental

A

if the protein function is dependant on it’s length (Dystrophin)
If the stop codon is made very early on in the sequence

21
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

change in a single base resulting in the same residue being produced

22
Q

What property of the genetic code means that silent mutations are possible?

A

The genetic code is degenerate

23
Q

What affect do insertion and deletion mutations have on the ORF, and why is this a problem?

A

They cause a frame shift

All residues after the mutation are totally chnaged

24
Q

What are base analogs an example of and how do they work?

A

They are a mutagen

They incorporate in place of an actual base

25
Q

How can chemicals act as mutagens?

A

they interact with DNA changes the base structure

26
Q

Why are dyes mutagens?

A

tehy insert base pairs causing ORF shift

27
Q

Why is radiation a mutagen?

A

Causes dimerisation of T bases and causes DSBs which have repair errors

28
Q

Which 2 scientists first showed the process of transformation?

A

Griffith and Avery

29
Q

What material is passed on in transformation?

A

DNA

30
Q

How does the DNA enter a new bacterial cell via transformation?

A

DNA binds to surface proteins allowing one strand to move in

31
Q

What is needed for the process of transduction?

A

A viral particle with the desired gene in and a bacterial host cell

32
Q

What appendage is needed for conjugation to take place?

A

Pilus

33
Q

What happens to the pIlli when they join?

A

They contract, bringing the bacterial cells closer together

34
Q

What method of replication is used in the process of conjugation?

A

Rolling circle

35
Q

What results in a high frequency of recombination?

A

more insertion sites

MBB162 - Done (6 decks)

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