Prosocial behaviour

Question 1

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 1

A voluntary social behavior that benefit[s] other people or society as a whole, such as helping, sharing, donating, cooperating, and volunteering

Question 2

Altruism

Answer 2

A special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectations of personal gain

Question 3

Two explanations of cooperate behaviour in animals and humans

Answer 3

1. Mutualism - cooperation benefits the cooperator as well as others
2. Kin selection - those who cooperate are biased towards blood relatives because it helps to propagate their own genes

Question 4

Empathy

Answer 4

The ability to feel another person´s experiences, identifying with and experiencing another person´s emotions, thoughts and attitudes

Question 5

perspective taking

Answer 5

Being able to see the world through other´s eyes

• -> Imagining how another feels: produces empathy
• -> true altruism
• ->Imagining how you would feel: produces empathy and self-oriented distress
• -> altruism and egoism

Question 6

Bystander Calculus model

Piliavin

Answer 6

In attending to an emergency, the bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those associated with not helping

• -> mixture of cognitive and psychological process
  1. psychological arousal by another´s distress
  2. Labelling that arousal as emotion
  3. evaluating the consequences of helping and not helping

Question 7

How to learn to be helpful?

Answer 7

1. Giving instructions - telling a child to be helpful (important: consistency)
2. Reinforcement - rewarding acts
3. Exposure to models

Question 8

Negative state relive model

Cialdini

Answer 8

Hurting another person/seeing this happen causes bystander to experience negative affect state, tries to get rid of it by showing helping behaviour
–> hedonistic motive instead of altruistic

Question 9

Bystander effect

Answer 9

People are less likely to help when they´re with others than when alone
–> the greater the number the less likely it is that anyone will help

Question 10

Cognitive model for helping behaviour

Lanaté and Darley

Answer 10

1. Attending to what happened
2. defining event as emergency
3. assuming responsibility
4. deciding what can be done
   - -> helping behaviour

Question 11

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 11

Tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility (as a result, no one does)

Question 12

Audience inhibition

Answer 12

–> fear of social blunders - the dread of acting inappropriately or of making a foolish mistake witnessed by others

Question 13

Social influence

Answer 13

Process whereby attitudes and behaviour are influenced by the real or implied presence of other people.

Question 14

Three in one experiment of Lanaté and Darley

Answer 14

□ Participants in rooms with TV Monitors and cameras, expect four conditions:

1. see and be seen
2. see but not seen
3. not see but be seen 4. neither see nor be seen □ emergency created when experimenter leaves participants, participant see experimenter in control room getting electric shock from test instrument

• degree of communication increased -> helping decreased

Question 15

Reciprocity norm/altruism

Answer 15

You help me I help you

Question 16

Social responsibility norm

Answer 16

The idea that we should help people who are dependent and in need

Question 17

2 types of goals involved in the motivation to help

Answer 17

1. Instrumental goal - helping as intermediate step to a person´s ultimate self-interest
2. Ultimate goals - helping without benefit and unintended side effect –> four motivations

Question 18

Four motivations of ultimate goals

Answer 18

1. Egoism - Helping increases/secures my ego, I want to escape punishment
2. Altruism - Acting without benefit
3. Collectivism - Contribute to welfare of social group
4. Principlism - Acting prosaically because of morals and principles

Question 19

empathy-alturism hypothesis

Batson

Answer 19

If we feel empathy for someone, this increases the likelihood that we will help this person

higher likelihood of feeling empathy when

• similar
• attractive
• part of the group
• perspective taking

Question 20

Example Kitty Genovese

Answer 20

Bystander effect

noone did something while she was raped and murdered

Question 21

Example: the role of modelliing
–> learning how to be mor prosocial
by Bryan and Test

Answer 21

people who passed a scene where someone stopped to help a woman with a flat tire were over 50 percent more likely to stop when coming upon another car with flat tire