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Bio: At A Glance > Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The process whereby proteins are made

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2
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

How many stages are there in protein synthesis?

A

There are two main stages in protein synthesis

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4
Q

What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

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5
Q

What is transcription?

A

The copying of one gene from DNA into mRNA

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6
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Transcription occurs in the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the first process in protein synthesis?

A

The first process in protein synthesis is transcription

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8
Q

What is the first step before actual transcription is done?

A

Complementary mRNA copy of gene is made in the nucleus

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9
Q

Why is a complementary mRNA copy of the gene made?

A
  1. The DNA is too big to leave the nucleus and attach to a ribosome
  2. DNA shouldn’t leave the nucleus as there are enzymes in the cytoplasm that could cause damage to the DNA
  3. mRNA is shorter in size as it is only one gene (instead of 23 000 genes like DNA) so can fit through the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope and move through the cytoplasm to attach to the ribosomes
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10
Q

What is the step by step process of protein synthesis at transcription?

A
  1. DNA helix unwinds and hydrogen bonds between bases break by the use of DNA helicase
  2. The bases are exposed and one chain of the DNA acts as a template (mRNA is single stranded)
  3. Free mRNA nucleotides in the nucleus align opposite any exposed complementary DNA bases
  4. The enzyme RNA polymerase bonds together the RNA nucleotides to create a new RNA polymer chain. (entire gene has been copied
  5. Once copied, mRNA is modified, leaves nucleus through nuclear envelope pores
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11
Q

What is pre - mRNA?

A

mRNA molecules containing introns and exons of a certain gene

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12
Q

What happens to pre - mRNA before it is ready to leave the nucleus?

A

pre - mRNA needs to be modified after transcription to become mRNA, ready to leave the nucleus and partake in translation

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13
Q

What occurs during the splicing of mRNA?

A

Introns are spliced out by a protein called a splicesome, leaving only the coding sequences of the gene, exons.

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14
Q

What is the protein that splices introns out of the pre - mRNA?

A

Splicesome

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15
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is the stage where the polypeptide chain is created using both the mRNA base sequence and the tRNA

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16
Q

Where does this stage of protein synthesis occur?

A

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm

17
Q

What is the step by step process of translation?

A
  1. Modified mRNA leave the nucleus, then attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm
  2. Ribosome attaches to mRNA’s start codon
  3. tRNA molecule with complementary anticodon to the start codon aligns opposite the mRNA, held in place by ribosome
  4. Ribosome will move along the mRNA molecule, to allow other complementary tRNA to attach to the next codon on the mRNA
  5. Whilst ribosome hold tRNA molecule anticodon in place with the codon of the mRNA. Amino acids that have been delivered by the tRNA molecule join together through a peptide bond. This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme + requires ATP
  6. This motion continues until ribosome reaches stop codon at end of mRNA molecule

The stop codon will not code for an amino acid, meaning the ribosome will detach, ending translation

18
Q

After translation, what is formed?

A

The polypeptide chain is now formed and will enter the Golgi body for folding and modification

19
Q

Outline the steps of the transcription part of protein synthesis with key words:

A
  1. DNA helicase
  2. Template
  3. Alignment
  4. RNA polymerase
  5. Modification
20
Q

Outline the process of translation during protein synthesis using key words:

A
  1. Modified mRNA
  2. Ribosome
  3. tRNA molecule
  4. Movement
  5. Amino acids
  6. Stop codon

Bio: At A Glance (19 decks)

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