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RUSVM Clin Path > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

function of proteins

A 
Nutrition 
Enzymes 
Buffers 
Colloid oncotic pressure Coagulation 
Immunity 
Transport
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2
Q

where are most proteins synthesized

A

liver

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3
Q

proteins can also be synthesized by

A

immune system (immunoglobulins)

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4
Q

total protein contains

A

albumin

globulins (α, β, γ)

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5
Q

2 major roles of albumin

A

transport protein

colloidal osmotic pressure

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6
Q

α1, α2, β globulins

A

Synthesized by the liver

Functions
‒ Inflammation
‒ Coagulation
‒ Transport proteins

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7
Q

γ globulins (IgG, IgM, IgA)

A

Synthesized by lymphoid tissue

Function: immunity

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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A

β globulin

Synthesized by the liver

Functions
‒ Coagulation
‒ Increases during inflammation (positive acute phase protein)

Used as a marker of inflammation
‒Horses, ruminants, camelids

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9
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood that has not clotted

Contains all the proteins!!!
purple, green, and blue top tubes

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10
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting

No fibrinogen
red and tiger top tubes

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11
Q

2 ways to measure protein

A

refractometer

chemistry analyzer

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12
Q

what interfere with TP measurement on a refractometer

A

lipids, cholesterol, glucose, urea, hemolysis

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13
Q

T/F icterus will interfere with TP measurement on a refractometer

A

FALSE!!!

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14
Q

T/F When the TP is reported as a PCV/TP and/or when it is reported on a CBC, it is measured by a refractometer

A

true

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15
Q

how do chemistry analyzers measure TP

A

Spectrophotometry

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16
Q

T/F spectrophotometry is more accurate that a refractometer and is very specific

A

true

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17
Q

When there is a discrepancy in a patient between the total protein measurement on a CBC and a total protein measurement on a chemistry, where is the most likely source of error?

A

CBC

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18
Q

If both the serum and plasma TP are measured on a chemistry panel from the same patient, which would you expect to be higher?

A

Plasma

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19
Q

what does movement of depend on with electrophoresis?

A
  • Net charge
  • Size and shape of the protein
  • Strength of the electrical field
  • Type of supporting medium
  • Temperature
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20
Q

Proteins on the gel are stained and quantified with a

A

densitometer

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21
Q

Results are reported as a (electrophoresis)

A

electrophoretogram

- each protein: percent and absolute amount

22
Q

Albumin

A
  • Smallest protein
  • highest net negative charge
  • migrates fastest and closest to anode
23
Q

globulins

A
  • larger, do not migrate as far

- γ globulins, smallest negative charge; migrate the shortest distance

24
Q

how is fibrinogen measured

A

Heat precipitation

- provides an estimate of fibrinogen (uses refractometry)

25
Q

T/F TP is interpreted with albumin and globulins

A

true

26
Q

what is the first thing you think of with hypoalbuminemia

A

INFLAMMATION!!!

27
Q

2 main mechanisms of hypoalbuminemia

A

decreased production

abnormal loss

28
Q

Hypoalbuminemia: decreased production examples

A

‒Inflammation (negative acute phase protein) KNOW ME

‒Liver failure or reduction in liver mass (portosystemic shunt)

‒Severe malnutrition, maldigestion, or malabsorption

29
Q

Hypoalbuminemia: Abnormal loss examples

A

‒Blood loss (hemorrhage, GI parasites)

‒Intestinal loss: protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)

‒Urinary loss: protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)

‒3rd spacing dilution: effusions and vasculitis

‒Skin disease, burns

30
Q

how do you find the cause of hypoalbuminemia

A

1st start with history, clinical signs, PE findings

2nd look to other laboratory findings

31
Q

if the hypoalbuminemia is caused by hepatic insufficiency what other changes can be present

A

↓ Glucose

↓ Cholesterol

↓ Urea

↑ Globulins (usually): The liver is not filtering antigens.

32
Q

if the hypoalbuminemia is caused by protein losing nephropathy what other changes can be present

A

↑ Cholesterol (usually)

Urinalysis: Increased protein

Urine protein: creatinine ratio

33
Q

5 signs of nephrotic syndrome

A

Proteinuria

Hypoalbuminemia

Hypercoagulable (loss of antithrombin III)

Hypercholesterolemia

Ascites

34
Q

Why might a patient with PLN be hypercoagulable?

A

Renal loss of antithrombin

35
Q

what causes hyperalbuminemia

A

dehydration

36
Q

3 main mechanisms of hypoglobulinemia

A

decreased production
abnormal loss
Failure of passive transfer (FPT) in neonates

37
Q

hypoglobulinemia: decreased production examples

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)

38
Q

hypoglobulinemia: abnormal loss examples

A

‒Hemorrhage most common

‒Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)

39
Q

3 main mechanisms of hyperglobulinemia

A

Dehydration
Inflammation
Neoplasia

40
Q

Hyperglobulinemia: inflammation examples

A

Infectious: bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal
• K9 ehrlichiosis
• FIP

Non-infectious: immune-mediated disease, necrosis

41
Q

polyclonal gammopathy=

A

inflammation

42
Q

monoclonal gammopathy=

A

neoplasia

43
Q

causes of panhypoprotienemia

A

blood loss

protein losing enterophathy

44
Q

causes of panhyperproteinemia

A

dehydration

45
Q

will you see a significant shift in TP if fibrinogen is removed?

A

no, measured in mg/dL; TP measured in g/dL

46
Q

what kind of globulin if fibrinogen

A

β-globulin

47
Q

2 causes of hypofibrinogenemia

A

liver failure

DIC

48
Q

2 main mechanisms of hyperfibrinogenemia

A

inflammation

renal disease

49
Q

hyperfibrinogenemia: inflammation

A

‒Positive acute phase reactant protein

‒Inflammatory cytokines → increased synthesis by the liver

50
Q

hyperfibrinogenemia: renal disease (cats and cattle)

A

mechanism is unknown

RUSVM Clin Path (11 decks)

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