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LQB186 > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins make up >____% of dry mass in the body

A

> 50%

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2
Q

Basic proteins contain which five elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (some) sulfur

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3
Q

Protein monomers are ____ ____

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

Protein polymers are ____

A

Polypeptides

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5
Q

A protein can consist of one or more ____

A

Polypeptides

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6
Q

What element is at the centre of an amino acid?

A

A carbon, known as the ‘alpha’ carbon

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7
Q

What is an alpha carbon?

A

The carbon at the centre of an amino acid

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8
Q

What groups are attached to the alpha carbon in an amino acid?

A

An amino group (NH3) on one side, a carboxyl group (a double bonded to one O and single bonded to another O-) on the opposite side, a H atom, and a side chain (represented by R)

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9
Q

How many different R groups are possible for amino acids?

A

20 different R groups - therefore there are 20 different amino acids

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10
Q

What three factors do amino acid side chains determine?

A

Folding, charge, and grouping (depends on polarity of the side chains)

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11
Q

Grouping of amino acid side chains depends on what?

A

The polarity of the side chains

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12
Q

Non-polar amino acids are hydro____

A

Hydrophobic (water ‘hating’)

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13
Q

What is the meaning of ‘hydrophobic’?

A

Water insoluble

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14
Q

Water insoluble molecules are referred to as ____

A

Hydrophobic

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15
Q

Polar amino acids are hydro____

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

What is the meaning of ‘hydrophilic’?

A

Water soluble (water ‘loving’)

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17
Q

Are polar amino acids positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral?

A

Neutral

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18
Q

Amino acid groups that carry a charge at cellular pH are known as ____ ____

A

Functional groups

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19
Q

Amino acid groups that are ionised at cellular pH are known as _____ _____

A

Functional groups

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20
Q

If a molecule/compound/group carries a charge, it is said to have been _____

A

Ionised (remember, a charged atom is called an ion!)

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21
Q

Are negatively charged functional groups acidic or basic (alkaline)?

A

Acidic

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22
Q

Are positively charged functional groups acidic or basic (alkaline)?

A

Basic (alkaline)

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23
Q

Peptide bonds link ____ ____

A

Amino acids

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24
Q

Cysteine has an ____ group - SH

A

Sulphydryl

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25
Q

A sulphydryl group is written as ____

A

SH

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26
Q

Two sulphydryl groups from two cysteines can interact under oxidising conditions to form what connection?

A

A disulphide bridge

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27
Q

What is a disulphide bridge between two sulphydryl groups important for?

A

The folding of the proteins

28
Q

What causes the conformational rigidity of proline?

A

The cyclic structure (the side chain on the alpha carbon also connects to the amine group)

29
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there?

A

Four

30
Q

What is the primary level of protein structure?

A

Simple chains

31
Q

Simple chains are what level of protein structure?

A

Primary

32
Q

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

A

Helical or pleated

33
Q

Helical or pleated are what level of protein structures?

A

Secondary

34
Q

What is the teriary level of protein structures?

A

Complexly folded

35
Q

Complexly folded are what level of protein structure?

A

Tertiary

36
Q

What is the quaternary level of protein structure?

A

More than one chain

37
Q

More than one chain is what level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary

38
Q

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is what level of protein structure?

A

Primary

39
Q

What is the direction of primary protein structures?

A

From the N or amino terminus to the C or carboxyl terminus

40
Q

Is the N/amino terminus the beginning or end of amino acid sequences?

A

Beginning

41
Q

Is the C/carboxyl terminus the beginning or end of amino acid sequences?

A

End

42
Q

Primary protein structures are ____ (form) amino acid sequences

A

Linear

43
Q

A linear sequence of amino acids from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus is the ____ level of protein structure

A

Primary

44
Q

The folding or coiling of a polypeptide into a repeating configuration is what level of protein structure?

A

Secondary

45
Q

Secondary levels of protein structures include the ____ helix and ____ pleated sheet

A

α; β

46
Q

Secondary levels of protein structures include the α ____ and β ____ ____

A

Helix; pleated sheet

47
Q

What three-part structure is important to recognise amino acids?

A

N-C-C

48
Q

The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide is what level of protein structure?

A

Tertiary

49
Q

The tertiary level of protein structure is the overall ____ ____ of a polypeptide

A

3D shape

50
Q

What causes the 3D shapes of polypeptides?

A

Interactions between R groups of amino acids

51
Q

Interactions between R groups of amino acids are what give polypeptides their ____ ____

A

3D shape

52
Q

The overall protein structure that results from interaction of two or more polypeptide subunits is what level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary

53
Q

The quaternary level of protein structure is the overall protein structure that results from the interaction of what?

A

Two or more polypeptide subunits

54
Q

List some functions of proteins (seven possible answers)

A

Structural, storage, transport, movement, communication, enzymatic, toxin

55
Q

The specific conformation of a protein determines how it ____

A

Functions

56
Q

What can affect the conformation of a protein?

A

The actual sequence of amino acids, conditions of the protein’s environment, and the presence/absence of co-factors, co-enzymes, and prosthetic groups

57
Q

The actual sequence of amino acids can affect the ____ of a protein

A

Conformation

58
Q

The conditions of a protein’s environment can affect the ____ of a protein

A

Conformation

59
Q

The presence or absence of co-factors/co-enzymes/prosthetic groups can affect the ____ of a protein

A

Conformation

60
Q

What condition results from a single amino acid substitution on a protein?

A

Sickle-cell anaemia (the substitution is in the haemoglobin protein)

61
Q

Proteins in poor environments can ____ (stop working correctly)

A

Denature

62
Q

Many proteins are capable of ____ if they return from poor environments to optimal conditions

A

Renaturation

63
Q

What kind of ‘conditions’ of a protein’s environment are crucial?

A

pH and temperature

64
Q

Co-factors of proteins are ____ ____

A

Non-amino acids

65
Q

Give an example of a protein co-factor

A

Iron (in haemoglobin proteins)

LQB186 (5 decks)

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