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Human Nutrition > Proteins & Amino Acids > Flashcards

Proteins & Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

protein definition

A

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms arranged into strands of amino acids

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2
Q

some amino acids also contain ____ atoms

A

sulfur

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3
Q

amino acid definition

A

building blocks of protein

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4
Q

what is an amino acid made of

A

amino group and acid group attached to a central carbon that has a distinctive side chain

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5
Q

what determines amino acid function

A

the way they’re lined up

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6
Q

3 types of amino acid

A

valine

leucine

tyrosine

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7
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids bonded together

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8
Q

tripeptide

A

3 amino acids bonded together

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

10 or more amino acids bonded together

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10
Q

oligopeptide

A

intermediate strand of 4-10 amino acids bonded together

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11
Q

AA sequence

A

attracts or repels to give it the direction it will fold into

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12
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts to meet physiological need

aka. indispensable amino acids

9 known

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13
Q

types of essential amino acids (1-5)

A

histidine

isoleucine

leucine

lysine

methionine

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14
Q

types of essential amino acids (6-9)

A

phenylalanine

threonine

tryptophan

valine

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15
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

body can synthesize from consumed essential amino acids

11 known

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16
Q

conditionally essential amino acid

A

normally a non-essential amino acid that becomes essential in special circumstances

must be consumed in diet

cysteine

glutamine

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17
Q

functions of proteins in the body

A

enzymes

antibodies

fluid & electrolyte balance

acid/base rxns

hormones

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18
Q

enzyme

A

protein catalysts make rxn faster/more efficient

facilitates chemical rxns without being changed in the process

all enzymes are proteins

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19
Q

antibodies

A

large proteins of blood and body fluids produced in response to the body being invaded by antigens

purpose is to inactivate the invaders to protect the body

adequate protein is needed to produce antibodies

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20
Q

antigen

A

unfamiliar molecules (mostly proteins) that stimulate an immune response

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21
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by glands in the body in response to altered conditions

travels to one or more target tissues/organs and stimulates specific responses to restore normal conditions

some hormones are proteins, some are sterols

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22
Q

3 types of body fluids

A

intracellular

interstitial (between cells)

intravascular

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23
Q

fluid and electrolyte balance

A

maintenance of the necessary amounts and types of fluids and minerals in each compartment of body fluids

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24
Q

serum albumin

A

maintains fluid id blood vessels

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25
Q

edema

A

swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from vessels and accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces

26
Q

acid base balance

A

balance between acid and base concentrations in body fluids and blood

body produces acids and bases during normal functions (carried to lungs & kidneys through blood)

if blood is too acidic or basic than proteins denature

27
Q

denature

A

chance in a protein’s shape

past a certain point, denaturation is irreversible

28
Q

pH

A

concentration of hydrogen ions

29
Q

acidosis

A

too much acid in blood & body fluids

30
Q

alkalosis

A

too much base in blood & body fluids

31
Q

buffers

A

compounds that can reversibly combine with hydrogen ions to keep a solution’s acidity or alkalinity constant

32
Q

how much protein do we need a day?

A

normal people 0.8 g / kg / day

athletes 1.2 g / kg / day

body builders/injured 1.5 g / kg / day

33
Q

dietary amino acids

A

used primarily for protein synthesis

not stored like fat or carbohydrates

34
Q

what happens to excess protein?

A

degrades and produces urea

35
Q

who shouldn’t get protein?

A

chronic kidney disease w/ no dialysis

liver failure w/ encephalopathy

36
Q

nitrogen balance

A

amount of nitrogen consumed vs. excreted in a given period of time

lab tech can estimate protein in a sample of food, body tissue, or poop by measuring nitrogen in it

37
Q

nitrogen equilibrium

A

zero nitrogen balance

N in = N out

38
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

N in > N out

kids, pregnant women, sick people (anorexics, trauma, burns)

39
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

N out > N in

anorexics, trauma, burns, HIV/AIDS

40
Q

how to figure out your protein need

A

find body weight in lbs then convert to kg

multiply kg by 0.8 g

41
Q

protein synthesis after activity

A

increases

42
Q

7-28 gm protein per day gained during …

A

muscle building phase of training

43
Q

what type of diet spares protein?

A

carbohydrate rich

44
Q

BCAA

A

can be used instead of glucose directly into muscle tissue

45
Q

what depletes glycogen

A

endurance with aerobic activity of moderate intensity and long duration

46
Q

effect of degree of training?

A

higher degree uses less protein

47
Q

complete protein

A

contains all amino acids essential in human nutrition in adequate amounts

48
Q

incomplete protein

A

lacking or low in one or more of the essential amino acids

49
Q

high-quality protein

A

easily digestible complete protein

50
Q

limiting amino acid

A

essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in the shorted supply relative to the amount needed for protein synthesis in the body

51
Q

mutual supplementation

A

combining two incomplete protein sources to form a more complete protein

aka. complementary proteins

52
Q

complementary proteins

A

two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other

supply the amino acid the other is lacking

53
Q

vegetarian diets need…

A

adequate nutrient/energy intakes

balance

variety

moderate fat, sodium, alcohol & caffeine

54
Q

vegetarian diets are generally…

A

lower in fat & cholesterol

55
Q

concerns with vegetarian diets

A

energy needs

B12

vitamin D

zinc & iron (soy inhibits zinc absorption)

calcium

56
Q

types of vegetarians

A

lacto-ovo

lacto

semi-vegetarian

vegan

57
Q

lacto-ovo vegetarian

A

include milk & eggs

no meat, fish, shellfish, poultry

58
Q

lacto-vegetarian

A

include milk

no eggs, meat, fish, shellfish, poultry

59
Q

semi-vegetarians

A

include some, but not all animal products

usually no meat, but will eat fish, shellfish, poultry

60
Q

vegan

A

exclude all animal-derived foods

Human Nutrition (18 decks)

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