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Abnormal Psychology > Psy Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psy Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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6
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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9
Q

self-transcendence needs

A

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

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10
Q

self-actualization needs

A

need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

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11
Q

esteem needs

A

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence, need for recognition and respect from others

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12
Q

belongingness and love needs

A

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

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13
Q

safety needs

A

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

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14
Q

physiological needs

A

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

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15
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue. when its level is low, we feel hunger

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16
Q

self point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

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17
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output

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18
Q

obesity

A

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher (overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher)

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19
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to others

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20
Q

testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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21
Q

estrogen

A

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels speak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

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22
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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23
Q

refractory period

A

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

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24
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle

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25
Q

erectile disorder

A

inability to develop or maintain a erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

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26
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

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27
Q

paraphilias

A

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and nonconsenting persons

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28
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

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29
Q

sexual orientation

A

the direction of our sexual attractions; as reflected in our longings and fantasies

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30
Q

affiliation need

A

the need the build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

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31
Q

self-determination theory

A

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

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32
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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33
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

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34
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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35
Q

grit

A

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

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36
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for it’s own sake

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37
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

the desire to perform aa behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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38
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism. involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behavior, and most importantly, (3) conscious, experience resulting from one’s interpretations

39
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotional- arousing stimulus

40
Q

Cannon- Bard

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

41
Q

two-factor theory

A

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

42
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, happiness

43
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

44
Q

catharsis

A

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

45
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

46
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

47
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

48
Q

adaptation- level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

49
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

50
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

51
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

52
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

53
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes, together affect our immune system and resulting health

54
Q

coronary health disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries

55
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

56
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that we control our own fate

57
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short- term gratification for greater long- term rewards

58
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercises that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

59
Q

mindfulness medication

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experience in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

60
Q

personality

A

an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

61
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience

62
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

63
Q

unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

64
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

65
Q

Id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

66
Q

ego

A

the partly conscious, “executive” part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.

67
Q

superego

A

the partly conscious part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations

68
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

69
Q

Oedipus complex

A

according to Freud , a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

70
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

71
Q

fixation

A

in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

72
Q

defense mechanism

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

73
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

74
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

75
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

76
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

77
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger the projection of people’s inner dynamics

78
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots

79
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

80
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

81
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am i”

82
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

83
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

84
Q

Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. originally developed to identify emotionally disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

85
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

86
Q

Big Five Factors

A

researchers identified five factors- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism- that describe personality

87
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

88
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

89
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality; the organizer of our thoughts, feeling, and actions

90
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders ( as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

91
Q

self-esteem

A

our feelings of high or low self-worth

92
Q

self- efficacy

A

our sense of competence and effectiveness

93
Q

self- serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

94
Q

expressive behaviors

A

reading people’s behavior

Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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