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Alice's finals cards > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

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2
Q

What is the reversal agent for opioids?

A

Naloxone

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3
Q

What is the calculation for units of alcohol?

A

Volume (L) x Percentage

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4
Q

What are the 4 questions of the cage questionaire?

A

Have you ever felt like you should cut down?
Do you get annoyed when people comment on your drinking
Do you feel guilty about your drinking?
Have you ever had a morning eye-opener to get rid of your hangover?

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5
Q

What effect does alcohol have on neurotransmitters?

A

It is a relaxant/ suppressant therefore enhances the inhibitory GABA

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6
Q

What effect does chronic alcohol abuse have on the blood?

A

Anaemia, high MCV
Often mixed folate and B12 deficiency
Reduced platelet production

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7
Q

Which nerve palsy is a consequence when people are drunk? What is the classic sign?

A

Radial nerve palsy

Typical sign is a drooping wrist

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8
Q

What are the early symptoms of alcohol withdrawal? When do they occur?

A

Tremor
Nausea
Sweating
Agitation
Tachycardia
Raised BP

<24 hours

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9
Q

What are the late symptoms of alcohol withdrawal? When do they occur/

A

Delusions
Confusions
Diarrhoea
Convulsions
Auditory hallucinations
After 48 hours= delirium tremens

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10
Q

Which drug should be used to treat the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Chlordiazepoxide

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of delirium tremens?

A

Loads of sweating
Tremor
Visual hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations

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12
Q

What is the management of delirium tremens?

A

Benzo for 10 days e.g. chlordiazepoxide or diazepam
Thiamine
Fluid replacement

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13
Q

What is the consequence of thiamine deficiency?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy/ korsakov’s syndrome

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14
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in wernicke’s?

A

Opthamoplegia and nystagmus (eye signs)
Confusion
Ataxia

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15
Q

How does Korsakov’s present?

A

Anterograde memory disorder. Old memories can be accessed but new ones cannot be made

Peripheral neuropathy

Confabulation

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16
Q

What is the management of wernicke’s?

A

Thiamine
Sedation
Fluids <3

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17
Q

Which drug can be prescribed to put people off drinking by causing nasty side effects?

A

Disulfiram

18
Q

Which two medications should be prescribed for those who have achieved abstinence and wish to maintain it?

A

Acamprosate and disulfiram

19
Q

Which drug can be given to people still actively drinking to help them reduce?

A

Naltrexone. Works by reducing the positive effects of drinking

20
Q

What are the contraindications of naltrexone?

A

Liver failure and opioid abuse

21
Q

What are the contraindications to disulfiram?

A

Ischaemic heart failure
psychosis

22
Q

Which type of antipsychotics have fewer motor side effects?

A

Atypical

23
Q

Name a few typical (first generation) antipsychotics?

A

Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Fluphenazine

24
Q

Name a few atypical (second generation) antipsychotics?

A

Clozapine
Risperidone
Sertindole
Aripiprazole
Olanzapine
Quetiapine

25
Q

Which type of antipsychotic is more effective at combating the negative symptoms seen in schizophrenia?

A

Atypical

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for antipsychotics?

A

Blockade of dopamine receptors (mostly D2 receptors)

Also block neuroreceptors for other neurotransmitters including histamine, ach and serotonin

27
Q

What are the clinical effects of antipsychotics?

A

Depression of emotional responses
Sedation
Anti-emetic effect
Anti-histamine effect

28
Q

How are antipsychotics eliminated?

A

Liver metabolism

29
Q

Why is the IM dose of antipsychotics significantly lower than the oral dose?

A

Due to first pass metabolism

30
Q

What are the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics?

A

Akathisia- restlessness
Acute dystonia
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia

31
Q

What are the common side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Weight gain
Drowsiness
Antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention)
Postural hypotension
Photosensitivity
Prolonged QT

32
Q

What is the life threatening side effect of clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis

33
Q

What is the presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

Can happen after starting antipsychotic, mechanism not fully known. Features are:
Fever
Rigidity
Hypertension, tachycardia and sweating
Agitated delirium with confusion
Blood CK is really high

34
Q

What are the clinical features of GAD?

A

Persistent anxiety
Apprehension
Motor tension
Increased sympathetic activity
Hypervigilance
Panic attacks

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of GAD?

A

Overactivity of 5-HT neurons

36
Q

What us the management of GAD?

A

Lifestyle changes- avoid caffiene, alcohol, nicotine and try to exercise
Breathing techniques, headspace etc

CBT

SSRIs
Propanolol
Benzos if severe for short term use only

37
Q

What are the 3 types of bipolar disorder?

A

Type 1= manic and depressive 1:1
Type 2= Depression is more dominant, 5:1
Rapid cycling= >4 episodes of mania and depression

38
Q

What is the definition of mania?

A

Elated mood lasting 1-2 weeks with psychotic symptoms

39
Q

What is the definition of hypomania?

A

Elevated mood with no psychotic symptoms, must last >4 days

40
Q

What are the features of mania?

A

Elevated mood
grandiosity
Delusions and hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations (usually 2nd person)
Pressured speech
General increase in activity
Increased feelings of self worth

Alice's finals cards (23 decks)

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