PsychExam1 Flashcards
Behaviorism
The view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1), but not (2).
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
Cognitive Neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Nature-Nurture Issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising form the interaction of both.
Levels of Analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
Biophysical approach
AN integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural-levels of analysis.
Neuroscience
How the brain and the body enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.
Behavior Genetics
How much our genes an dour environment influence our individual differences.
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
Behavioral
How we learn observable responses.
Cognitive
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
Social-Cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Counseling Psychology
A branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, red, rehearse, and review.
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Operational definition
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
Case study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Good theory
This occurs when there is a link and a an organization to good facts. Also when the hypotheses is implied and offers testable predictions and, sometimes practical applications.
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
Population
All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. Only applies to national studies.
Random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Correlation
The extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Its coefficient is the mathematical expression of he relationship ranging from -1 to +1.
Illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists.
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, it aims to control other relevant factors.
Random Assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences, between those assigned to the different groups.
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Double-blind procedure
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies.
Placebo effect
(Latin for “I shall please”) - experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable.
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Biological psychology
The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
Neuron
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Dendrite
The neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Axon
The neuron’s extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Action potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.