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PsychExam2 Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

Organizing and interpreting sensory input

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process of receiving stimuli from the environment, such as touch, feeling, hearing, and seeing. Basically anything physical.

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2
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation that we can detect 50% of the time. Example: Sheldon adding moths to Leonard’s coffee.

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3
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli we can detect 50% of the time.

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Becoming accustomed to constant stimuli because we process a thousand different things every second and if we were to manually process it, it would take too long.

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5
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Where our knowledge of the world influences our interpretation.

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6
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

When given a cluster of sensations, people tend to organize them.

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7
Q

Proximity

A

Stimuli that occurs close together, we group them together.

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8
Q

Similarity

A

Sensations that are similar are grouped together.

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9
Q

Continuity

A

Links together sensations.

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10
Q

Connectedness

A

Group things that are touching or linked.

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11
Q

Figure ground

A

Where we use contextual cues to decide if something’s in the front (foreground) or it is in the background.

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12
Q

Linear perspective

A

Cues about distance and size based on parallel lines.

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13
Q

Perceptual Adaption

A

The ability to have our senses messed with and be able to adapt.

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14
Q

Perceptual Interpretation

A

Reality doesn?t matter, your perception does.

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15
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you think you know influences what you see.

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16
Q

Pareidolia

A

A specific aspect of a perceptual set. It makes sense out of chaos and can relate to auditory. Example: backward masking

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17
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Ability to sense, but cannot perceive or make meaning. Example: no longer being able to identify faces.

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18
Q

Subliminal messaging

A

This only works for a second, it’s where messages are hidden in commercials, logos, etc.

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19
Q

Parapsychology

A

This is an example of perception without sensation. Has to deal with psychics.

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20
Q

James Randy

A

A researcher who tested psychics and their aura.

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21
Q

Virtual therapy

A

A treatment that helps burn patients recover as a distraction.

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22
Q

Phantom Limb pain

A

The feeling that a lost limb or appendage still has pain or presence.

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23
Q

Waking conciseness

A

Your immediate awareness of internal and external stimuli, it’s what you’re paying attention to.

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24
Q

Change and intentional blindness

A

Inability to recognize or see what’s in front of us.

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25
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

24 hour cycle that includes sleep and wakefulness that also relates to hunger and temperature. It’s also known as the biological clock and is most affected by light. Alterations in this affect mood and performance.

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26
Q

NREM 1

A

A stage of sleep that is the start of the sleep cycle where one is starting to nod off, the heart rate slows, and breathing is paced. If needed, one can come to if needed.

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27
Q

NREM 2

A

A stage of sleep where everything a little more, brain activity is slow and there is rheumatic breathing.

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28
Q

NREM 3 + 4

A

The stages of sleep where breathing and brain activity are at its lowest. These are also called slow wave sleep. This is also where one can move in a dream, sleepwalking occurs, as well as sleep talking. Waking up in this (mainly the latter) causes one to be disoriented, making them more harmful to those waking them up.

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29
Q

REM

A

Also known as rapid eye movement where one is able to dream. To prevent this, make sure to go through the REM stage.

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30
Q

Sleep deprivation/restriction

A

This affects memory, motor skills, and mood. A solution to this is to go through the REM stage.

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31
Q

Reoperation

A

A sleep theory that states that sleep is needed to repair and restore damaged neurons and to make connections.

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32
Q

Remembering

A

A sleep theory that states the sleep is needed to connect and process things from the previous day.

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33
Q

Growth

A

A sleep theory that states that sleep is needed to release hormones related to this. The hormones come from the pituary gland.

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34
Q

Dreams

A

These occur in the stages of NREM 3/4 and REM. It’s sensical in a sense that it goes over one’s day and seems realistic. In the REM part of these, dreams become weird or unrealistic.

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35
Q

Freud theory

A

A theory of why we dream. It involves the thought that we have primal urges that are suppressed and when we dream, we release them. There is meaning in all dreams that appears in latent content and manifest content.

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36
Q

Latent content

A

The meaning of dream objects such as the meaning of why you see your teeth in your dream.

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37
Q

Manifest content

A

What actually happens in the dream, its literal content.

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38
Q

Activation synthesis model

A

A theory of why we dream. It is there to activate random brain circuits while sleeping, this can help not focus on external stimuli. The brain fires random emotional and memory circuits and once it receives all of this stimuli, it tries to make sense of it by turning it into a story.

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39
Q

Alcohol

A

A sleep aid that reduces the quality of sleep and reduces the REM stage of sleep. That’s why when you blackout from too much of this, you can’t remember because the REM stage has not occurred and memories haven’t been recorded.

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40
Q

Sleeping Pills

A

A sleep aid that knocks you out, but it only makes you unconscious, which is not the same as REM. When you rely on creating this unconscious state, you don’t go through the sleep cycles.

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41
Q

Binging

A

This is an act where one tries to make up for sleep that was lost in the past day or week. When this occurs, the quality of REM is not as good, throws off sleep cycles, and kills circadian rhythm.

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42
Q

Drugs

A

Any chemical substance that alters consciousness.

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43
Q

Depressants

A

This type of drug inhibits brain activity, can come in the form of prescription drugs or alcohol.

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44
Q

Young, white, Catholic male

A

This demographic is more likely to abuse alcohol.

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45
Q

Male

A

This gender is more likely to abuse alcohol.

46
Q

Asians

A

This race is least likely to abuse alcohol because they are more sensitive.

47
Q

Caucasians

A

This race is most likely to abuse alcohol.

48
Q

Mormons or Latter-day Saints

A

These religions are least likely to abuse alcohol.

49
Q

Catholics

A

This religion is more likely to abuse alcohol.

50
Q

Stimulants

A

This type of drug increases brain activity. It’s most common substances are caffeine and nicotine.

51
Q

Gender

A

This has an affect on drugs because each metabolizes alcohol differently. Females metabolize drugs more slowly.

52
Q

Weight

A

This has an affect on drugs the less you weigh, the less drunk one would be and vice versa.

53
Q

Cultural Norms

A

This has an affect on drugs because it can vary with countries as to what the average use is.

54
Q

Location high

A

Associating a place where a person goes to get high and the feeling of getting high. The knowledge of going to the place starts the high.

55
Q

Context high

A

Without the location that one usually gets high in, it takes more drugs to get them high because the place is not there to start the high. This can lead to overdose.

56
Q

Goals of I/O Psychology

A

Job satisfaction, employee well being, organizational productivity (most important, involves $), overall: happy, healthy, and productive.

57
Q

APA

A

American Psychology Association

58
Q

Industrial/Organizational

A

A type of psychology that deals with the workplace to improve employee well being and performance. It is an interdisciplinary field.

59
Q

Industrial

A

This is about the psychology of the personnel such as recruitment and hiring. It also deals with training and appraisal.

60
Q

Selection

A

Systemetically choosing the most qualified job applicant for a position.

61
Q

Structered interviews

A

Asking same job relevant questions to objectively choose the best applicant, without this you can’t compare those being interviewed. The questions are asked about skill, abilites, and knowledge.

62
Q

Personality Inventories

A

A research tool intended to determine one’s personality type. It predicts performance and has low adverse impact.

63
Q

Low adverse impact

A

A law/employment practice that may result the discrimination of a protected class (i.e. race, gender, age). It is used in personality inventories.

64
Q

Assesment center

A

A method of selecting employess in which applicants engage in job-related activities and are rated by several trianed evaluators. It can be in an actual place or virtually.

65
Q

Organizational

A

This is about the psychology of the organizational influence on employees, job satisfaction, motivation, and teams.

66
Q

Job Satisfaction

A

The attitude employees have towards their job that uses the base scale. It evaluates workplace, other employess, managers, money, work, and supervisory.

67
Q

Counterproductive behavior

A

Any employee behavior that counters the goals of the organization.

68
Q

Absenteesism

A

A symptom of counterproductive behavior that involves the employee missing an excessive amount of days from work.

69
Q

Turnover

A

A symptom of counterproductive behavior that involves the employee quitting, getting laid off, or fired. This can be from poor perfromance or deviant behavior such as loafing, stealing, or destructive behavior.

70
Q

Extrensic

A

A type of motivation influenced by external factors such as a raise, promotion, or the threat of being fired.

71
Q

Intrensic

A

A type of motivation that comes from withing the individual.

72
Q

Job characteristic theory

A

A job based theory that involves skil variety, task significance, autonomy choice, task identity, and task feedback.

73
Q

Task identity

A

Being able to see the process as a whole; seeing where the product is started and how it is finished.

74
Q

Behavioral approach

A

A job based theory that is reward system toaffect motivation and to change specific behaviors. Usually a bonus or firing threat is placed.

75
Q

Behavioral modification

A

A job based theory that states that the workplace should rewarrds and reinforce certain behaviors. Feedback or reward can be used.

76
Q

Social-cognitive behavior

A

A job based theory that start with the recognition from a boss or one who is higher up and leads to perceived desirable outcomes. Motivation can stem from this.

77
Q

Work teams

A

This involves a group of people who are able to collaborate (encourage), show leadership (choose wisely), and trust (establish) one another.

78
Q

Motivation

A

The descion and energy to act.

79
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

A theory about motivation sayingt aht we are motivated by survival instincts. Example: Aaron Rolsten - 127 hours

80
Q

Drive Reduction

A

A theory that states that we all have internal drives (hunger, sex, thirst, etc.) and those drives must be met in some way. The basic drives are not motivated to behave until it signals it. Hunger leads to eating.

81
Q

Arousal

A

A theory that we seek stimulation. Bordem leads to this that can involve anything that can reduce the boredem.

82
Q

Glucose levels and hypothalumus

A

These let the brain know about one’s hunger.

83
Q

Bio aspect

A

This is an aspect of the bio-social physical model that involves the brain and the stomach telling eachother that you are hungry.

84
Q

Psychological

A

This is an aspect of the bio-social physical model that deals with memories of our last meal and the mood. If you were not satisfied with your last meal, you are more likely to be hungry. If you are upset or experience negative activity, you are likely to consume more calories.

85
Q

Social

A

This is an aspect of the bio-social physical model that deals with cultural norms. Our prefernces vary along with the way we consume food.

86
Q

The 3R’s

A

Reproduction, recreation, relationships

87
Q

Excitement

A

A stage of sex where the heart rate and breathing increases. One is sexually aroused.

88
Q

Plateau

A

A stage of sex; the moment before orgasm.

89
Q

Orgasm

A

A stage of sex that is the height of breathing and heart rate.

90
Q

Resolution

A

The final stage of sex where the body returns to base line. It occurs faster if orgasm is achieved.

91
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characeristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. One gets a sense of what people are like.

92
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, this is a resevoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

93
Q

Id

A

The basic sexual, aggressivem and survival instincts.

94
Q

Superego

A

The strict moral compass.

95
Q

Ego

A

This mediates between the Id and the superego, it is the rational part.

96
Q

Personality development

A

According to Freud, a certain part of personality that dominates, changes over time.

97
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Freud bases: fixation in one of these stages because a resolve wasn?t met at that stage.

98
Q

Defense mechinisms

A

Techniques the ego uses to avoid anxiety and ignore impulses.

99
Q

Freud’s personality theory

A

This was rejected because it was sexist, not testable (can’t test the unconscious), and did not show how personality development is life long (stated that personality was cement at age 5).

100
Q

Trait theory

A

Each personality is made up of multiple traits, such as the Big 5.

101
Q

Big 5

A

The basic traits that people have; what you are like as a person.

102
Q

Agreeableness

A

This personality type of the Big 5 that involves conformity, likeability, and warmth. An example is Marshall. Life outcomes for this type is that they are more likely to be satisfied with their relationships (especially romantic), they are healthier because they smoke less, and are less likely to be bullied. Women rate higher on this than men.

103
Q

Neuroticism

A

This personality type of the Big 5 involves one who has emotional instability. An example is Robin. Life outcomes include a less healthier lifestyle because they use coping mechanisms (i.e. smoking) that can be self destructive. They are also more likely to cheat in a relationship, and are less likely to be satisfied with their job and life.

104
Q

Openess

A

This personality type of the Big 5 involves one who likes new experiences meaning they like to try new things. An example of this is Barney. Life outcomes: more likely to try drugs, be more artistic or creative, and tend to be viewed by others as clever and open minded.

105
Q

Extraversion

A

This personality type of the Big 5 is one who is social and outgoing. Barney is used again as an example. They are seen as being popular, attractive, have a high life satisfaction, and are more likely to be poached.

106
Q

Conscientiousness

A

This personality type of the Big 5 is one who is responisble, consistant, and dependable. An example used is Tim. Their life outcomes involve a higher likeability to perform higher at their job, have better health than any other group because they’re willing to put in work, and in general have a higher life satisfaction. It is not correlated with IQ.

107
Q

Openess, conscientiouness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

A

OCEAN

108
Q

How the personality can be assesed

A

Multiple choice, true/false, and observation of prefernces, rooms, or facebook.

109
Q

Social factors

A

This makes personality inconsistant because we act differentlywith certain people and in certain situations.

110
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

111
Q

Psychological influences of pain

A

Attention to pain, learning based on experiences, and expectations.

112
Q

Biological influences of pain

A

Activity in spinal cord’s large and small fibers, genetic differences in endorphin production, and the brain’s interpretation of CNS activity.

113
Q

Social-cultural influences of pain

A

Presence of others, empathy of other’s pain, and cultural expectations.

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