PsychExam3 Flashcards
Developmental psychology
The study of our lifelong physical, mental, and social devlopment. It looks at our gradual change over time, but notices how our temperment is stable over time.
Sensorimotor
The first stage of coginitive development where a 0-2 year old experiences the world through movement and their senses.
Object permanence
This occurs in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. It is the awareness that things exist even when they are not perceived. Example: When a baby plays peek-a-boo, they don’t have this.
Preoperational
The second stage of cognitive development where 2-7 year olds can think in images and symbols, but cannot perfomr mental operations on these symbols. Example: adding and subtracting
Conservation
This occurs in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite superfical changes. They have to have this before moving. Example: same amount of orange juice in two different sized glasses - percieved as having different volume when really they’re the same.
Egocentrism
This occurs in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where the child has the inability to distinguish between one own’s perspective and another’s persepctive. Example: When a child covers their eyes, they think that they are not there because they cannot see themselves.
Theory of mind
This occurs in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states. Example: Band aid box filled with pencils - think that the box is full band aids and when they find out that it’s not, they think another child will think that pencils are in the box instead as well.
Concrete operational
The third stage of cognitive development where 7-11 year olds can perform mental operations on concrete mental objects. Such as mentally rotating objects and being able to take on other’s persepctives (though it may not be accurate). However, they cannot think abstractally.
Formal operational
The fourth stage of cognitive development where adolescents and adults can reason and think about abstract ideas, use logic, and deductive reasoning. For example,they contemplate the meaning of love, cause and effect, and consequences.
Attachement
An aspect of social development -an emotional tie with another organism. Can have varying strengths - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-ambivalent. The reaction of a baby after a parent leaves and then returns, dictates the bond/style.
Secure attachment
A type of attachment where the child is upset without a parent and reassured when the parents returns. Promotes trust, positive feelings, and emotioal stability.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
A type of attachment where the child is indifferent to the parent, they prefer to play with the objects rather than people.
Insecure-ambivalent attachement
A type of attachment where the child doesn’t know what they are. They are needy for attention, but may reject it. When the parent leaves, they may be upset or indifferent, but when they come back, the child is not reassured by their arrival.
Forming attachment
This can be formed through body contact (warmth and comfort).
Authoritarian
This parenting style sets rules with out being responsive. They impose the rules, are demanding, and don?t give explanations. They expect compliance. Example: “Because I said so”.
Permissive
This parenting style is repsonsive, but not demanding, it is the opposite of authoritarian. They don’t force kids to regulate themselves, but rather just wants to appease them. Example: mom from Mean Girls - doesn’t set firm rules andhas no repercutions or reactions to bad acts.
Authoritative
This is a parenting style that is balanced between permissive and authoritarian. It is responsive, yet demanding. They love their kids, support them, and believe in them, but have boundries so they don’t smother or push down their children. It has the best outcomes. Example: the Weasleys - want their kids to be independent
Securly attached
A romantic relationship style where one has a positive view of themselves, their partner, and their relationship. They trust partner and the success of their relationship. Example: Carl and Ellie in UP
Anxious preoccupied
A romantic relationship style where one partner seeks high intamacy, but are anxious and distrustful. They tend to be impulsive in a relationship (head over heels).
Dismissive avoidant
A romantic relationship style where one partner doesn’t desire a romantic relationship, they like their independence; suppress their feelings. Example: Samantah from Sex and the City
Fearful avoidant
A romantic relationship style where one desires emotional closeness, but are scared of it. They are always holding back because they don?t know what they want and a relationship is risky. Example: Barney from HIMYM
Morality
Concepts of what is right and what is wrong.
Preconventional
The first stage of moral development where one judges an action by its direct consequences - they debate if it is good for themselves or not. Actions are done to avoid punishment or get a reward.
Conventional
The second stage of moral development where one judges an action by society’s views and expectations. Peers matter in this stage because actions are decided to maintain social order. Go with social norms.
Post conventional
The third stage of moral development where morality is guided by principles of right and wrong, that are independent of societal expectations. Basic principles are legal vs. ethical-the outcome doesn’t matter, the reasoning it behind it does. Example: Harriett Tubman and the Underground railroad
Learning
Change in behavior as a function of experience
