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NUT 1124 > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

Module 14-15

1
Q

The four D’s

A

deviance, destress, dysfunction, and danger

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2
Q

Deviance

A

Describes a departure from what is normal or usual

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3
Q

Distress

A

behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting, and cause pain or surrow

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4
Q

Dysfunction

A

dysfunctional behaviors or thoughts interfere with one’s day-to-day life and activities.

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5
Q

Psychological disorder surgery

A

Back then they would drill a hole in the patient’s head believing that “evil” spirits would be free from the head, and that evil spirits are what caused these psychological orders

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6
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

to reduce admissions to psychiatric hospitals, shorten lengths of stay, and improve overall treatment.

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7
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Came up with a more humane way of treating psychological disorders rather than drilling people’s heads open

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8
Q

Person-first language

A

Person with autism

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9
Q

Identity first language

A

Autistic person

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10
Q

DSM

A

A classification system used in the US to increase reliability in diagnosis and etc.

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11
Q

multiaxial diagnostic assessment system

A

Axis I: Major mental disorders (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety disorders)

Axis II: Underlying personality or intellectual disorders that are resistant to change (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, intellectual disability)

Axis III: Medical conditions that may influence the mental disorder (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis)

Axis IV: Psychosocial stressors that may influence the mental disorder (e.g., homelessness, interpersonal violence)

Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (scored from 1–100)

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12
Q

neurodevelopment disorders

A

Disorders in the brain, alter speech, learning, and normal behaviors and they are usually observed in infancy. They can possibly fade away in the future or persist.

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13
Q

ASD syndrome downsides

A

Do not like getting touched, parents get sad they cant hug or kiss their children

Back-and-forth movements

Focusing always on one subject like dinosaurs

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14
Q

Schizophrenia on the spectrum

A

Serious mental illness

lost touch with reality

Hard time thinking and making good judgments

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15
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Are not seen before the onset of the disorder, and not found in a healthy individual

Hallucinations, disorganized thinking, etc.

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16
Q

Bipolar disease

A

manic episode: Spike of productivity, energy, talkative, etc.

Depressive episode: sad, dull, sulky

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17
Q

Bipolar II disease

A

More milder form than Bipolar disease I because there is hypomania which isn’t as crazy as the one in the normal bipolar disease

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18
Q

Depression disease

A

Self explanatory

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19
Q

Agoraphobia

A

A type of anxiety disorder in which people avoid, or get scared of places like public transport, crowded, open places, being outside alone, and etc.

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20
Q

Obsessions

A

unwanted, intrusive thoughts, fears, urges, etc.

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21
Q

compulsions

A

Often decrease or stop obsessive thoughts

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22
Q

Hoarding disorder

A

Not letting go of anything, a huge accumulation of newspapers, books, or anything that may become too much and stresses other people.

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23
Q

PTSD symptoms

A

Re-experiencing symptoms: Flashbacks (reliving the trauma over and over), nightmares, or involuntary disturbing thoughts about the traumatic event.

Avoidance symptoms: Staying away from people, places, situations, or objects that serve as reminders of the traumatic event.

Cognitive and mood symptoms: Inability to remember important features of the traumatic event; negative thoughts about oneself, others, or the world; persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame; inability to feel happy, satisfied, or loved.

Arousal and reactivity symptoms: Constantly feeling tense or edgy; being easily startled; irritable behavior and angry outbursts; difficulty sleeping.

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24
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Positive: Depersonalization, derealization

Negative: Loss of memory or important event, very bad memory, forgetting what you did and at some point

Someone is in a scary, or bad situation, he dissociates to help himself and that causes him later to forget that event

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25
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Having multiple personality traits due to mood changes, and people report it’s like being possessed, and they also feel their body change with their personality, they can have multiple names, ages, etc.

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26
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

Not a real diagnosis, doctors can’t actually explain or rule out the symptoms of what the patient is experiencing.

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27
Q

factitious disorder

A

When someone keeps convincing themselves that they’re sick, or that they might have a physical illness much worse than what it is. Drinking bleach to make yourself sick.

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28
Q

Feeding and eating disorders

A

Feeding disorders: preference for food, and tolerance

Eating disorders: emotional problems with food

Feeding for infants and eating for adulthood.

ARFRID: picky eating causing disorder

anorexia nervosa: an intense fear of eating and gaining weight from the food you eat

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29
Q

Enuresis

A

pissing everywhere other than the toilets

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30
Q

encopresis

A

shitting everywhere other than toilets

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31
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Daytime sleeping due to a good night of sleep. Sudden naps, just shlump outta nowhere for seconds or several minutes

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32
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

Unsatisfied with the gender they were given

33
Q

The disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A

Sudden outbursts, anger, breaking property, rules, illegal activities like setting fire, etc.

34
Q

kleptomania (john)

A

stealing items when you don’t need them, you can buy them yourself but u still steal

35
Q

Neurocognitive disorder

A

they affect language, memory, attention, speaking, etc.

36
Q

paraphilic disorders

A

WEIRD AH FETISH

37
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

Giving medication to patients

38
Q

psychotherapy

A

Giving diagnosis of phycological disorders a patient may have.

39
Q

Psychologist

A

They diagnose mental health, and these things they don’t prescribe medication or anything

40
Q

social workers

A

prescribing medications to individuals with psychological problems

41
Q

Trepanation

A

Drilling of holes into a person’s head believing it will free away the spirits

42
Q

Institutionalization

A

separation of people with mental illness from normal people from society.

43
Q

psychological treatment back then in England included …

A

isolation, physical restraints, beatings, bloodletting, and hydrotherapy

44
Q

psychopharmacotherapy

A

Psychiatrists and psychiatric nurse practitioners study the anatomy of the brain, and give drug and non drug-based treatments.

45
Q

Insulin ..

A

Insulin was used to calm schizophrenia symptoms

46
Q

chlorpromazine

A

sedative, used as anesthesia during surgery

47
Q

How did antipsychotic drugs work

A

They blocked dopamine in the brain by reducing its levels.

48
Q

extrapyramidal symptoms

A

Involuntary movements of the body due to long term effects of using certain drugs

49
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

reduces serotonin levels, but also has side effects like lowering white blood cells, etc.

50
Q

depression is …

A

an imbalance of specific brain chemicals known collectively as monoamine neurotransmitters

51
Q

monoamine oxidase drug inhibitors

A

Last resort antidepressants because of their fatal food x drug can kill

52
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

came after monoamine oxidase drug inhibitors, and safer also because there is no food/drug fatal interaction

53
Q

SSRI

A

they target serotonin and do not affect norepinephrine and dopamine so it is a safe antidepressant.

54
Q

Ketamine

A

focuses on the glutamate neurotransmitter, increases all manner of the brain activity.

55
Q

anxiolytics

A

used for anxiety, known as a sedative because of the calm and relaxed feelings it gives you.

56
Q

benzodiazepines

A

increase the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is the main inhibitor of the central nervous system. and its major responsibility is to calm the brain

57
Q

paradoxal effect

A

an effect of medication causing an opposite effect on someone, like long-term use of benzodiazepines causes aggression, irritation, etc.

58
Q

Lithium (bipolar)

A

great mood stabilizer, but toxic to the body, so patients need to have their blood monitored throughout the prescription

59
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

The first antipsychotic drug - introduced in 1950

60
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Act on both dopamine and serotonin pathways.

61
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

A

The first antidepressants.

62
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

63
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

The first-line treatment for depression

64
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Enhance the effect of GABA.

65
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

used in cases of treatment-resistant depression and schizophrenia. This treatment involves the use of electrical currents delivered to the brain to induce seizures

66
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

a non-invasive procedure that uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate portions of the brain. These pulses pass through the skull and go about an inch into the brain where they can increase or decrease neuronal activity. Side effects can cause mild headaches, fainting, scalp pain, and in rare instances seizure activity. It is also very loud.

67
Q

psychosurgery

A

Surgeries, like Trepanation or prefrontal lobotomy, was discovered a bit later for people with psychosis. Side effects include seizures, cognitive decit, and death.

Deep brain stimulation: electric nodes in the brain used to stimulate certain areas.

68
Q

rapport

A

The willingness of the patient to talk to their therapist.

69
Q

insight therapy (Sigmund Freud)

A

Insight therapy uses a variety of techniques to help people gain more awareness of their unconscious thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

70
Q

psychoanalysis

A

The patient lays down with the therapist by her side, and the patient starts free speaking while the therapist catches everything she says like her unconscious thoughts and metaphors, etc.

Transference: when the patient unleashes emotion from someone else to the therapist.

71
Q

operant conditioning therapies

A

Behavioral therapies, like

contingency management: the use of rewards to reinforce appropriate behaviors

token economy: rewards that add up to big gift for appropriate behaviors

also works with depression as it helps push people to engage in activities they would not regularly engage in

72
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy (behavioral therapy)

A

Helps people accept their thoughts and feelings rather than immediately trying to change them.

73
Q

self management techniques (behavioral therapy)

A

a set of techniques people use to manage their own behavior

74
Q

Ivan Pavlov experiment

A

conditioned stimulus: the door opening (dogs knew food is coming so they started salivating)

Conditioned response: the dog salivating

75
Q

systematic desensitization

A

cant be anxious and relaxed at the same time.

Subjective units of distress scale: The therapist teaches the patient skills on how to be relaxed, then he starts off with a very small stimulus and slowly makes it worse and worse till the patient can use his breathing techniques to these other situations like his phobia.

76
Q

Flooding

A

no building up to the phobia, they go directly to the highest stimulus in the hierarchy, and the patient cannot leave until he is relaxed

77
Q

humanistic therapy

A

Actual / real self vs ideal self

78
Q

Congruence

A

the genuineness and authenticity, in which the
therapist’s actions are consistent with his or her words.

79
Q

rational emotive therapy

A

A-B-C approach, which involves:

− An adverse event or situation that triggers a negative emotional
or behavioral response;

− The patient’s core beliefs that are associated with the triggering
situation or event; and

− The emotional or behavioral consequences caused by the
patient’s beliefs about the triggering event or situation.

NUT 1124 (4 decks)

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