psychology test revision s2 t1

Question 0

What is the Tri-Component model?

Answer 0

It is a model with three components that states that all three components must be present before it can be said if an atitude exists.

Question 1

Define an atitude

Answer 1

An atitude is a relatively permanent, integrated system of beliefs, thoughts and behaviours.

Question 2

Explain the A component of the tri-component model

Answer 2

The affective component is emotional reactions or feelings towards the issue. eg(I dont like snakes)

Question 3

Explain the B component of the tri-component model

Answer 3

The behaivoural component is the way the atitude is expressed in the form of the individuals actions. eg (stay away from snakes)

Question 4

Explain the C component of the tri-component model

Answer 4

The cognitive component is the belief or thinking about why the individual feels this way about a certain topic or issue. eg( I dont like snakes because they can hurt me)

Question 5

The saying ‘Children are likely to adopt the atitudes of those people they admire and observe’ is known as?

Answer 5

This is know as observational learning or modelling

Question 6

What is Bem’s self-perception theory?

Answer 6

This theory states that we note our behaviour and then infer what our atitudes must be according to our behaviour

Question 7

What is Cognitive dissonance and how do people reduce it?

Answer 7

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological tension when the individual relises that their atitudes are inconsistent with their behaviour. This is reduced by eiether changing the atitude or their behaviour.

Question 8

A bystander is more likely to help a person in an emergency when: (name 3)

Answer 8

The bystander is similar to the victim (empathy)
The bystander is in a good mood (mood)
The bystander knows how to help the victim(competence)

Question 9

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 9

This is where a person is more likely to help someone in an emergency when the helper is alone in contrast to where there are other bystanders around.

Question 10

Name and explain the two main social norms

Answer 10

Reciprocity norm- is when we help another person because they have helped us.
Social responsibility norm- states that members of a community should help someone in need.

Question 11

How can deinduvidualtion influnence agressive behaviour? (2 marks)

Answer 11

It can influence agressive behaviour through the individual being anonymus in their acts. This means they cannot be identified and therefore do not believe they can suffer any consequenses for their actions.

Question 12

Name and explain a situational and a personal factor

Answer 12

Noticing the situation- A person is more likely to help when they see the situation and this is more likely when there are less people around.

Competence- A individuals personal qualities or experiences that may help in an emergency.

Question 13

Name and explain what Latane and Darley concluded from theier smoke-filled room experiment

Answer 13

Audience innobition is what latane and darley found in the study. This is where the person does not help because of the fear of the other bystanders percieving them negitivley or simply just being embarassed.

Question 14

Define Sterotype

Answer 14

A collection of beliefs we have about people who belong in a certain group, regardless of individual differences

Question 15

Define prejudice

Answer 15

A negitive attitude towards members of a group of people based solely on the membership of that group.

Question 16

What are the factors contributing to prejudice

Answer 16

Ingroups and outgroups, Intergroup conflict or competition and sterotyping.

Question 17

Explain Jane Elliots experiment and how it showed prejudice,

Answer 17

Jane Elliots blue/brown eyed experiment involved seperating the classrom in eye colours and giving increased privliges to one group. She went on futher and encouraged the children to judge each other and futhermore increase prejude. Jane Elliot found that an in-group and out-group formed in the study and there was severe abuse by even young children in the experiment

Question 18

What are the factors that reduce prejudice?

Answer 18

Education, Inter-group contact, mutual interdependence, superordinate goals.

Question 19

What are the three conditions of intergroup contact?

Answer 19

• The groups must depend on each other (mutual interdepence)
• Contact is close or sustained
• There is equal participation from both groups.

Question 20

What is a super-ordiante goal?

Answer 20

A super-ordinate goal is a shared goal that can only be acheived when two groups work together and rely on each other. Eg Avengers: all need each others powers to stop the enemy.

Question 21

What is Social Influence?

Answer 21

Social Influence is the effects of the presence or actions of others that are either real or imaginative.

Question 22

Social Influences can be:

Answer 22

Constructive-helping people change for the better
Destructive- Encourage harmful behaivour
Natural- Has no effect, is not good or bad

Question 23

Describe status and Power and how to they connect?

Answer 23

Status refers to the importance of an individuals position in the group, as percieved by members of the group.
Power refers to an individuals or groups ability to contol or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaivour of another person or group.
*The person with the most power in the group usually has the higher status.

Question 24

Describe Reward Power

Answer 24

Based on the ability to reward a person who complies with the desired behaivour. eg dog and his owner

Question 25

Descibe Coercive Power

Answer 25

This power is based on the ability to punish a person for failure to comply. eg a teacher giving his or her student a detention

Question 26

Describe Referent Power

Answer 26

We want to be like this person, which tends to give them more power of us. eg Your favourite sportsperson.

Question 27

Describe Expert Power

Answer 27

We give a person more power if they have knowlege or expertise in a specific field due to their training and expertise. eg. A doctor would have more power if somone had a heart attack but a plumber would have more power if a pipe broke.

Question 28

Describe Informational Power

Answer 28

people who have resources or information that are useful and are not availiable elsewhere have power over us. eg librarian.

Question 29

Define Obedience

Answer 29

Obedience is when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society.

Question 30

What is the difference between social influence and Obeidience?

Answer 30

The diffrence between the two is that with obedience there is a direct command to be obeyed.

Question 31

What are the factors that affect obedience?

Answer 31

Social proximity, Legitimate authority, Group pressure

Question 32

explain social proximity in terms of obedience

Answer 32

Social proximity is how close two people are both physically and emotionally. It is easier to obey something that may be horrific if thew person is not physically nearby.

Question 33

Explain legitimate autority on terms of obedience

Answer 33

Legitimate authority is the idea that we are obidient to someone who has the role that is defined by society as powerful or an authority figure. Eg (normal teacher and student teacher.

Question 34

Explain Group pressure in terms of obedience.

Answer 34

An Individual is less likely to obey someone if they have an ally, however you are more likely to obey if the group support the authority figure.

Question 35

Define conformity

Answer 35

Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feeling or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations.

Question 36

What are the factors affecting conformity?

Answer 36

Group size, Unaiumity, Informational Influence, Social loafing, Normative Influence, Culture, Deindividualtion.

Question 37

What is Social loafing? and how does it affect conformity?

Answer 37

Social loafing is the tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity as opposed to when working alone. Social loafers conform to the group but with less effort as they believe that conforming or not conforming will not make a difference.

Question 38

What is a peer group?

Answer 38

A peer group is a persons friends and aquaintances of similar age, interests and social standing.

Question 39

What are the four mains areas where peer pressure contributes to behaviour?

Answer 39

Social activities, Relationships, Group norms, Risk taking behaviours.

Question 40

What are the four types of risk-taking behaiviours and give an example for each.

Answer 40

Thrill-seeking behaivour- Bungee jumping, Reckless behaviour- Drink driving, Rebellious behaivour- smoking, Anti-social risk behaivours- graffiti.

Question 41

Whic type of people are more common to participate in risk taking behaivours?

Answer 41

Older male adolescents.

Question 42

Which type of behaviour are extoverted personalities more likley to perform?

Answer 42

Thrill seeking behaviours

Question 43

Which type of behaviour agreeable personalities more likely to perform?

Answer 43

Rebellious or anti social behaviours.