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Psychology: Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormality-
What are the four definitions of abnormality?

A

Deviation from social norms, statistical infrequency, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
What is the definition of deviation from social norms?

A

When a persons thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal, violates the rules about what is expected or acceptable in a particular social group. Norms are specific to the culture

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3
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
What is an example of deviation form social norms?

A

Homosexuality and anti-social personality disorder

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4
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
What is the name of the womens tribe who wear brass coils?

A

Kayan tribe

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5
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
What are the aims of the brass coils?

A

To lengthen their necks

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6
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
What tribe contains the men who wear mits of stinging ants?

A

The sambia tribe

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7
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
How long do the men have to wear the mits from?

A

10 mins

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8
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms-
How many times do the individuals have to wear the mits?

A

Wear them 20 separate times

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9
Q

Abnormality- deviation from social norms- evaluation-
What is a strength of deviation from social norms?

A
  • usefulness. Used in clinical practice, (for example the key defining characteristics of anti-social personality disorder), is the failure to conform to culturally acceptable behaviour. Used to diagnose schizotypical personality disorder, which is considered strange
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10
Q

Abnormality- statistical infrequency-
What is statistical infrequency?

A

Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic, for being more depressed or less intelligent than most of the population

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11
Q

Abnormality- statistical infrequency-
What is an example of statistical infrequency?

A

IQ or intellectual disability disorder

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12
Q

Abnormality- statistical infrequency- evaluation-
What is a strength of statistical infrequency?

A
  • usefulness. Used in clinical practices, part of forming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of the symptoms. IDD requires an IQ of below 70, bottom 2%, beck depression inventory (BDI), a secure of 30+ (top 5%) is classified as severely depressed.
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13
Q

Abnormality- statistical infrequency- evaluation-
What is a limitation of statistical infrequency?

A
  • doesn’t consider that infrequent characteristics could be positive. For every person with an IQ of 70 there is an IQ score of above 130.
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14
Q

Abnormality- failure to function adequately-
What is failure to function adequately?

A

Pps can no longer cope with the demands of everyday life, unable to maintain social standards

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15
Q

Abnormality- failure to function adequately-
Rosenhan seligman, proposed signs to show when someone is nor coping, what are they?

A
  • when a person no longer conforms to rules (personal space, and eye contact)
  • severe personal distress
  • behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous
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16
Q

Abnormality- failure to function adequately-
What is an example?

A

Intellectual disability disorder

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17
Q

Abnormality- failure to function adequately- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • represents a threshold for help. 25% of people in the UK experience mental health problems, most people press on in the experience of severe symptoms. People seek professional help once they can no longer function adequately.
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18
Q

Abnormality- failure to function adequately- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • discrimination and social norms. Cannot tell when people choose to deviate from social norms or when they do not choose to function inadequately. Not having a job or address may be seen as a failure to function, people with alternative life styles may see this as normal.
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19
Q

Abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health-
What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

When we consider what makes our mental health ‘normal’ and it must be abnormal to deviate from that

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20
Q

Abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health-
Who suggested that good mental health if we meet which requirements?

A
  • no symptoms of distress
  • we are rational and and can perceive ourselves accurately
  • we self-actualise
  • we can cope with issues
  • we have a realistic view of the world
  • we have a good self-esteem and lack of guilt
  • we are independent of other people
  • we can work, love and enjoy our leisure
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21
Q

Abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health-
What is an example?

A

Inability to have a job

22
Q

Abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • a comprehensive definition. Jahodas criteria covers most of the reasons why we would seek help. Our mental health can be discussed with a range of different professionals.
23
Q

Abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • may be culture bound. Criteria is firmly focussed in examples of the US and Europe. Self-actualisation can be seen as self-indulgent in other placed. Lots of variation in in the value based on independence (high in germany, low in italy). What defines success in our working, social and love lives is very different in different cultures.
24
Q

Phobias-
What categorises phobias?

A

DSM-5

25
Q

Phobias-
What is specific phobia?

A

Phobia of an object, such as an animal or body part, or situation

26
Q

Phobias-
What is social anxiety?

A

Phobia of a social situation, such as public speaking

27
Q

Phobias- characteristics of phobias-
What are the behavioural characteristics?

A

Avoidance- immediate responses to avoid the phobia
Panic- causes high levels of stress and anxiety
Endurance- choose to remain in the presence of the stimuli

28
Q

Phobias- characteristics of phobias-
What are the emotional characteristics?

A

Increased anxiety- phobias provide an emotional response
Fear- immediate and extreme response

29
Q

Phobias- characteristics of phobias-
What are the cognitive characteristic?

A

Selective attention- find it difficult to direct their attention
- irrational thinking- towards the object of the phobia

30
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
What role foes classical conditioning play?

A

Acquisition

31
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
Who studied little Albert?

A

Watson and rayner (1920)

32
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
What occurred in the little Albert study?

A

Little Albert was taught to associate loud scary sounds with white rats

33
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
What is operant conditioning used for?

A

The maintenance of the phobia

34
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
How is negative reinforcement used in phobias?

A

The removal of something negative when they avoid a situation with their object of a phobia

35
Q

Phobias- behavioural approach-
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

Mower (1947)- put forward to Theo process model

36
Q

Depression- behavioural characteristics-
What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • activity levels, (reduced energy levels)
  • disruption if sleep and eating behaviour, (insomnia increasing or decreasing eating habits)
  • aggression and self-harm, (irritable and possibly verbally or physically aggressive)
37
Q

Depression- emotional characteristics-
What are the emotional characteristics?

A
  • lowered mood, becomes more pronounced daily
  • anger, can be led to self-harm, can be directed at themselves or others
  • lowered self-esteem, can feel like self loathing
38
Q

Depression- cognitive characteristics-
What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • poor concentration, unable to stick to tasks and hard to make decisions
  • dwelling on the negative, bias towards negative events
  • absolutist thinking, situations are all good or all bad
39
Q

Depression- cognitive characteristics-
What are the cognitive characteristics?

A
  • poor concentration, cannot complete tasks
  • dwelling on the negative, bias towards negative events
  • absolutist thinking, things are all good or all bad
40
Q

OCD- behavioural characteristics-
What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A
  • compulsions are repetitive, compelled to repeat a behaviour (hand washing)
  • compulsions reduce anxiety, manage anxiety produced by obsession
  • avoidance, can prevent people from having a normal life
41
Q

OCD- emotional characteristics-
What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A
  • anxiety and distress, unpleasant emotional experience
  • accompanying depression, often experience depression and OCD
  • guilt and disgust, involves guilt over i or issues
42
Q

OCD- cognitive characteristics-
What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A
  • obsessive thoughts, 90% have obsessive thought
  • cognitive coping theories, help to manage anxiety
  • insight into accessible anxiety, aware the obsessions are not rational
43
Q

Phobias- treating-
What are the two ways to treat phobias?

A

Systematic desensitisation and flooding

44
Q

Phobias- treatment-
What is systematic sensitisation?

A

A behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning

45
Q

Phobias- treatment-
What do the patients learn from systematic desensitisation?

A

Can learn to relax in the presses e of their phobia

46
Q

Phobias- treatment-
What is counter conditions?

A

When a patient learns a new response to their phobia stimulus.

47
Q

Phobias- treatment- behaviourist-
How is classical conditioning used in treating phobias?

A

Turns a negative reinforcement into a positive one

48
Q

Phobias- treatment- behaviourist-
What are the three stages of treating phobias?

A
  1. Learn a relaxation technique
  2. Create an entirety hierarchy
  3. Global exposure
49
Q

Phobias- treatment-
What is flooding?

A

Involves direct and immediate exposure of phobic stimulus

50
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression-
What are the three ways put forward?

A
  • faulty information processing
  • negative self-schema
  • the negative triad

Psychology: Paper 1 (4 decks)

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