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Uncategorized > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior.

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2
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Tolerance is a decrease in a drugs effectiveness after it has been repeatedly administered.

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3
Q

What is sensitization?

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly. These are generally undesired effects.

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4
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A placebo is a substance with no adverse effects that is administered in place of an actual drug. Although they have no physiological effect, they are still capable of illiciting a bodily response.

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5
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

An antagonist is a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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6
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that facilitates the effects ofa particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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7
Q

If the drug serves as a precursor it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: L-Dopa –> Dopamine

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8
Q

If a drug prevents storage of NT in vesicles it is a…

A

Antagonist

ie: resperine –> monoamines

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9
Q

If a drug stimulates the release of NT it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: Black Widow spider venom –> ACh

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10
Q

If a drug inhibits the relese of NT it is a…

A

Antagonist

ie: botulinum Toxin –> ACh

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11
Q

If a drug stimulates postsynaptic receptors it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: nicotine, muscarine - ACh

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12
Q

If a drug blocks postsynaptic receptors it is a…

A

Antagonist

ie: curare, atrophine –> ACh

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13
Q

If a drug inactivates synthetic enzyme; inhibits synthesis of NT it is a…

A

Antagonist

ie:PCPA –> serotonin

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14
Q

If a drug stimulates autorecepotrs: inhibits synthesis/release of NT it is a….

A

Antagonist

ie: apomorphine –> dopamine

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15
Q

If a drug blocks autoreceptors; increases synthesis/release of NT it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: idazoxan –>norepinephrine

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16
Q

If a drug blocks reuptake it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: Cocaine –>Dopamine

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17
Q

If a drug inactivates acetylchoniesterase it is a…

A

Agonist

ie: Physostigmine –> ACh

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18
Q

What Neurotransmitter is….

  • Primarily released by efferent axons in the CNS
  • Has major concentrations in
    • Dorsalateral Pons (Role in REM sleep)
    • Basal Forebrain (Role in Learning)
    • Medial Septum (Role in Memory)
A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

What does Botulinum Toxin do?

A

It is an ACh antagonist. The drug inhibits release by the terminal buttons.

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20
Q

What are the effects of Black Widow Venom?

A

Triggers the release of ACh

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21
Q

What is Hemicholinium?

A

It is a drug that inhibits the uptake of choline.

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22
Q

What is neostigmine?

A

It inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase.

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23
Q

What is a nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

It is an ionotropic ACh receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare.

24
Q

What is a muscarinic ACh receptor?

A

It is a metabotropic receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine.

25
Q

What are the two classes of monoamines?

A
  • Idolamine such as serotonin
  • Catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
26
Q

What are the two major dopaminergic systems in the Central nervous system?

A
  1. Nigrostraital System (Role in Movement)
  2. Mesolimbic System (Role in Reinforcement/Reward)
27
Q

What is dopamine synthesized from?

A

L-Dopa

28
Q

What drug blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of catecholamines?

A

AMPT

29
Q

What drug effects with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vescicles?

A

Reserpine

30
Q

What are the effects of Apomorphine?

A

Apomorphine blocks dopamine autoreceptors at low doses; at higher doses stimulates postsynaptic receptors.

31
Q

What is the effect of Methylphenidate?

A

It is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine.

32
Q

What are monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

A

A class of enzymes that destroy monoamines.

33
Q

What drug blocks the activity of MAO-B and acts as a dopamine agonist?

A

Deprenyl

34
Q

What are the effects of chlorpromazine?

A

It is a drug that reduces the effects of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors.

35
Q

What catecholamine is found in the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Norepinephrine

36
Q

Which catecholamine is secreted by the adrenal medulla and serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Epinephrine

37
Q

What does Moclobemide do?

A

It is a drug that blocks the activity of MAO-A and acts as a noradrenergic agonist.

38
Q

What is the Locus Coeruleus?

A

A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

39
Q

What are Axonal Varicosities?

A

It is an enlarged region along the length of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a NT or neuromodulator.

*Most norepinephrine is released in this way

40
Q

What drug stimulates presynaptic noradrenergic alpha2 autoreceptors, and blocks the synthesis and release of Norepinephrine?

A

Idazoxan

41
Q

What are the effects of PCPA?

A

PCPA inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT (Serotonin)

42
Q

What are the effects of Fluoxetine?

A

Fluoxetine inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT

43
Q

What are the effects of Fenfluramine?

A

Fenfluramine stimulates the release of 5-HT

44
Q

What are the effects of MDMA and what else is it called?

A

MDMA is also know as extacy and serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist; it has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects.

45
Q

What is the most important excitatory Neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate, it is an amino acid.

46
Q

What is an NMDA receptor?

A

An NMDA receptor is a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor, it also has several other binding sites.

47
Q

What is an AMPA receptor?

A

An AMPA receptor is an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA.

48
Q

What is an Kainate receptor?

A

A Kainate receptor is an iontropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; it is stimulated by kainic acid

49
Q

What are the effects of AP5?

A

AP5 is a drug that blocks the glutamate binding site on the NMDA receptors.

50
Q

What are the effects of PCP?

A

Phencyclidine is a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist.

51
Q

What is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA, it is an amino acid that is produced from glutamic acid by the action of an enzyme called GAD.

52
Q

What are the effects of Allyglycine?

A

Allyglycine is a drug that inhibits the activity of GAD and thus block the synthesis of GABA.

53
Q

What are the effects of Muscimol?

A

Muscimol is a direct agonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAA receptor

54
Q

What are the effects of Bicuculline?

A

Bicuculline is a direct antagonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAA receptor.

55
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

Benzodiazepines are a category of anxiolytic drugs; and an indirect agonist for the GABAA receptor.

56
Q

What is glycine?

A

An amino acid and an important inhibitory NT in the lower brain stem and spinal cord.

57
Q

What is a direct antagonist of the glycine receptor?

A

Strychnine

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