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Pathology II > Pulmonart IV > Flashcards

Pulmonart IV Flashcards

1
Q

Why are lung tumors the biggest killer in USA?

A

Not the most prevalent, but HIGHER mortality.

15% 5 year survival

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2
Q

Two classifications of lung CA

A

Small cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma

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3
Q

Which is worse–small cell carcinoma or non-small cell?

A

Small cell

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4
Q

Which responds better to tx? small cell or non-small cell carcinoma

A

Small cell

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5
Q

Which lung CA are classified as non-small cell? (3)

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Large Cell Carcinoma
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6
Q

How are the non-small cell carcinomas similar?

A

They behave the same way and are treated similarly

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7
Q

4 facts about Small Cell lung CA

A
  1. 20-25% of lung cancer
  2. Grows more quickly (than non-small cell)
  3. Greater risk of METS
  4. Often referred to as oat cell cancer
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8
Q

3 facts about non-small cell lung cancer

A
  1. 80% of LCA
  2. Grows more slowly
  3. less risk of metastasis
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9
Q

What is SCLC often referred to as?

A

Oat cell CA

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10
Q

1 environmental risk of LCA

A

smoking

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11
Q

5 environmental risk factors of smoking?

A
  1. smoking
  2. asbestos
  3. exposure to chemical fumes
  4. inhalation of metallic dusts
  5. radiation exposure
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12
Q

Why does every living thing have C14 in it?

A

C goes into the atmosphere (fires, etc) and UV light adds neutrons and it gets heavy and falls
Plants absorb it and C14 is dated and eaten

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13
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

A

Any malignant neoplasm that arises in lung tissue

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14
Q

What is the age range for most Lung CA?

A

40-70

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15
Q

What percent of Lung CA appears before 40?

A

2%

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16
Q

What is the prognosis for survival?

A

5 year 15%

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17
Q

Lung CA sx, most common?

A

Cough

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18
Q

Increasing smokers cough indicates…?

A

neoplasm

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19
Q

Possible lung CA sx?

A

hemoptysis

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20
Q

Larger tumor lung CA sx? (4)

A
  1. chest pain
  2. loss of appetite
  3. weight loss
  4. DOE
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21
Q

Adenocarcinoma location

A

in the outer periphery, below the pleura

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22
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed type of LCA

A

adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

Adenocarcinoma is most common in which 2 groups?

A

women and non-smokers

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24
Q

Frequency of adenocarcinoma has increased over past 30 years…why?

A
  • -women smokers develop more adenocarcinomas

- -cigarette filtration

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25
Q

Sx of peripheral tumors in adenocarcinoma?

A

asx

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26
Q

How will adenocarcinoma appear on an x-ray?

A

There will be pleural retraction and thickening

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27
Q

Gross morphology of adenocarcinoma? (4)

A
  1. well circumscribed and may contain necrotic core
  2. 2-5 cm at time of resection
  3. Cut surface: white to pale gray with black anthracitic pigment; glistening if mucous is present
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28
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is what fraction of LCA?

A

1/3

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29
Q

Cause of SCC?

A
  1. strongly linked with Hx of cigarette smoking

2. Related to chronic inflammation and injury of bronchial epithelium

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30
Q

Which tumor location shows symptoms earlier

A

central location shows faster than periphery

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31
Q

adenocarcinoma (tissue)

A

glandular epithelial

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32
Q

sarcoma (tissue type)

A

non-epithelial–muscle or connective

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33
Q

most common kind of LCA (small or non-small)

A

non-small cell

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34
Q

Small or non-small cell has better prognosis

A

small cell

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35
Q

2 types of bronchogenic carcinoma

A

small cell and non-small cell carcinoma

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36
Q

Bronchialcarcinoid is not

A

Bronchogenic carinoma

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37
Q

Prominent ages for LCA

A

40-70

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38
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma located in

A

center

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39
Q

Large cell carcinoma located

A

anywhere in Lungs

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40
Q

Most common type of LCA

A

adenocarcinoma

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41
Q

adenocarcinoma is associated with…

A

scarring

42
Q

How do you find adenocarcinoma?

A

Routine chest x-ray (unexpected and asx)

43
Q

adenocarcinoma tumor borders…

A

well circumscribed

44
Q

Adenocarcinoma tumor produces…

A

mucin

45
Q

SCC is caused by______________and is thought to be from__________of the lungs

A

smoking

injury

46
Q

Small cell carcinoma is located usually located_______________but can be located_____________

A

centrally, near hilum

anywhere

47
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma has____________

the amount of these determines that it is Squamous cell carcinoma

A

pearls and ridges

48
Q

Small cell has____________in histo to identify it is small cell

A

sheets

49
Q

Small cell carcinoma can produce__________________syndrome which means

A

paraneoplastic

it can produce hormones (ADH or ACPH, cushings)—can be first sign, cushings

50
Q

Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors derived from….

A

neuroendocrine cells

51
Q

6 characteristics of Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor Syndrome

A
  1. Easy to diagnose and tx
  2. The FLUSHING can look like allergy or rash
  3. The WHEEZING can simulate asthma
  4. The DIARRHEA can mimic spastic colon
  5. It would be better to have the correct diagnosis before the right side of heart has inner scarring
  6. Even when it’s metastatic in the liver, debunking the tumor can increase lifespan
52
Q

Bronchial Carcinoid are associated with smoking T/F

A

False

53
Q

Bronchial Carcinoid syndrome due to

A

Due to release of seritonin

54
Q

Common lung neoplasm in children

A

Bronchial Carcinoid

55
Q

Hamartoma is….

A

most common benign lung tumor, disorganized growth of tissues normal present in lungs

56
Q

Teratoma comes from a tissue that has…

A

3 germ layers

57
Q

Hamartoma has (3)

A

Cartilagenous nests
are well-circumscribed
disorganized growth of tissues

58
Q

Tumor that goes up to apex of lungs and goes into brachial plexus

A

Pancoast tumor syndrome

59
Q

Pancoast tumor presents as

A

TOS- pain, numbness and weakness in arm

60
Q

Tumor extension-horner’s syndrome 3 sx and involves which nerves

A

miosis
facial anhidrosis
ptosis

cervical and thoracic sympathetic

61
Q

tumor extension-superior vena cava syndrome 3 sx and cause

A

dilation of neck veins
facial and neck edema
redness

is due to obstructed venous drainage

62
Q

2ndary site of lung metastasis

A

adrenals

63
Q

Regardless of origin, ___________is the most common place for cancer to metastasize

A

lung

64
Q

is secondary or primary lung ca more commone

A

2nd

65
Q

Mesothelioma is associated with

A

asbestos

66
Q

Pyogenic granuloma versus irritation fibroma

A

pyogenic will blanches (highly vascularized, fibroma does not blanch

67
Q

Assess for herpes with what method?

A

Tzank smear

68
Q

Candida is stained with

A

PES

69
Q

What color does yeast stain in PES test?

A

red

70
Q

Why does babies mouth turn purple with candida

A

gentian violet

71
Q

Sialolithiasis

A

stones in salivary glands

72
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation in salivary glands

73
Q

most common sialadenitis cause

A

mumps

74
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry mouth due to lack of salivary gland secretion

75
Q

Mucocele

A

salivary gland duct is blocked

76
Q

Mukulicz

A

salivary and lacrimal gland enlargement

77
Q

salivary gland tumors are what type of cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

78
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma

A

if you remove the parotid gland, reoccurrence is low—if you try to denucleate it or remove just the tumor, it can return
usually benign

79
Q

ameloblastomas are of what origin? are they malignant?

A

odontogenic and are malignant

80
Q

Nasal polyps should raise what red flag?

A

cystic fibrosis, especially in young caucasians

81
Q

Samter’s triad

A

aspirin intolerance:
rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps
asthma

82
Q

Brachial cleft cysts….

A

lateral and move when patient swallows

83
Q

thyroglossal duct cysts are….

A

midline, and move when patient swallows

84
Q

epiglottitis and croup in xray

A

epi- thumbprint

croup- steeple sign

85
Q 
Allergic Rhinitis... (4)
What kind of reaction?
Mediated by?
Sx?
sx due to?
A
  1. Sensitivity rxns
  2. IgE mediated
  3. Mucosal edema, redness
  4. leukocytic infiltration
86
Q

Chronic Rhinitis (3)
usually due to?
what is impaired? due to?
looks like?

A
  1. usually due to repeated acute
  2. impaired drainage due to septum deviation and nasal polyps
  3. superficial desquamation or ulceration of mucosal epithelium
87
Q

Nasal Polyps are focal protrusions of mucosa- description

A
  1. Edematous mucosa with loose stroma
  2. often with cystic or hyper plastic mucous glands
  3. Lymph infitration
  4. 3-4 cm
88
Q

Most polyps are atopic or not

A

not atopic

89
Q

although mucosa is intact in nasal polyps, they may be_______________ or _______________

A

ulcerated or infected

90
Q

Acute sinusitis is categorized as

A

allergic
infectious
autoimmune

91
Q

Sinusitis can be divided into which 3 categories

A
  1. acute: duration of sx less than 4 wks
  2. subacute 4-12 wks
  3. chronic 12+ wks
92
Q

Problems of sinusitus

A

drain uphill
boney cavities, not a lot of vessels
mixed microbes

93
Q

Kartagener syndrom

A

genetic ciliary dyskinesia

94
Q

2 necrotizing upper airway lesions

A

Wegener—granulomatosis, can cause necrotizing gingival ulcerations
Lethal–midline ganuloma- NK cells
Very serious and often fatal

95
Q

To treat NK cell lymphoma

A

use radiotherapy locally, otherwise if disseminated, fatal

96
Q

Sinonasal papilloma

A

Inverted are more aggressive and exophytic are most common
Both benign and can invade cranial vault
locally aggressive if you do not excise whole thing

97
Q

Plasmacytoma will turn into ____________if not surgically removed

A

multiple myeloma

98
Q

Olfactory Neuroblastoma

A

uncommon head and neck malignancy

tend toward wide metastases

99
Q

Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas is in one of three patters

A
  1. Keratinizing
  2. non-keratinizing
  3. Undifferentiated carcinomas that have non-neoplastic infiltrate
100
Q

3 common proliferations benign-malignant

A
  1. polyp
  2. papilloma
  3. carcinoma
101
Q

Large cell carcinoma is not found in_______________ histologically

A

sheets

102
Q

LCC is an epithelial tumor with_____________nuclei and ______________ amounts of _______________

A

Large
Moderate
cytoplasm

Pathology II (5 decks)

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