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PHYSIO LEC > PULMONARY VENTILATION > Flashcards

PULMONARY VENTILATION Flashcards

1
Q

main function of respiration

A

provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

4 major components of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood
  3. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids
  4. regulation of ventilation
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3
Q

2 ways the lungs can be expanded or contracted

A
  1. downward or upward movement of the diaphragm
  2. elevation or depression of the ribs
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4
Q

the most important muscles that raise the rib cage

A

external intercostals

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5
Q

muscles that help in raising the ribcage

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. anterior serrati
  3. scaleni
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6
Q

muscles that pull the rib downward during expiration

A

abdominal recti
internal intercostals

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7
Q

T/F: There are no attachments between the lung and walls of the chest cage

A

true

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8
Q

it is where the lungs are suspended

A

mediastinum

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9
Q

the lungs are surrounded by a thin layer of ___ that lubricates movement of the lungs within the cavity

A

pleural fluid

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10
Q

the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura

A

pleural pressure

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10
Q

the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura

A

pleural pressure

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11
Q

the pressure difference between that in the alveoli and that on the outer surfaces of the lungs (pleural pressure)

A

transpulmonary pressure

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12
Q

the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration

A

recoil pressure

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13
Q

the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure

A

lung compliance

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14
Q

the characteristics of the compliance diagram are determined by 2 elastic forces namely:

A
  1. elastic forces of the lung tissue
  2. elastic forces caused by surface tension of the fluid that lines the inside walls of the alveoli
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15
Q

the elastic forces of the lung tissue are determined mainly by ___ and ____ interwoven among the lung parenchyma

A

elastin and collagen fibers

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16
Q

The fluid-air surface tension elastic forces of the lungs
also increase tremendously when the substance called ____ is not present in the alveolar fluid.

A

surfactant

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17
Q

surfactant is a _____ agent in water

A

surface-active

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18
Q

surfactant is secreted by

A

type II alveolar epithelial cells

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19
Q

the most important components of surfactant are

A

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
surfactant apoproteins
calcium ions

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20
Q

Pulmonary ventilation can be studied by recording the
volume movement of air into and out of the lungs, a
method called ____

A

spirometry

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21
Q

the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

tidal volume

22
Q

volume that is the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force

A

inspiratory reserve

23
Q

the maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

24
Q

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume

25
Q

equals the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiratory capacity

26
Q

expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume

A

functional residual capacity

27
Q

equals the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume

A

vital capacity

28
Q

equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

A

total lung capacity

29
Q

the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute

A

minute respiratory volume

30
Q

equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory
rate per minute.

A

minute respiratory volume

31
Q

the minute respiratory volume averages
about ___

A

6 L/min

32
Q

The rate at which new air reaches gas exchange areas is called

A

alveolar ventilation.

33
Q

air that is not useful for gas exchange

A

dead space air

34
Q

The work of inspiration can be divided into three fractions

A

compliance/elastic work
tissue resistance work
airway resistance work

35
Q

surfactant begin to secrete in the alveoli during _

A

6th and 7th month of gestation

36
Q

Normal quiet respiration requires ___ energy

A

3%-5% energy

37
Q

indicate changes in lung volume under different
conditions of breathing

A

Spirogram

38
Q

Types of lung volume:

A
  1. Tidal volume
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume
  3. Expiratory reserve volume
  4. Residual volume
39
Q

combination of two or more volumes together

A

PULMONARY CAPACITIES

40
Q

Normal tidal volume

A

500 ml

41
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

12 breaths/mins

42
Q

renew air in the gas exchange areas of the lung
continually

A

Pulmonary ventilation

43
Q

Normal dead space volume

A

150ml

44
Q

volume of all the space of the respiratory system other than the alveoli and their other closely related gas exchange areas

A

Anatomical dead space

45
Q

when the alveolar dead space is
included in the total measurement of dead space

A

Physiological dead space

46
Q

Muscular wall of the bronchi and bronchioles - composed of ____ muscles

A

smooth

47
Q

cause dilation of bronchial tree

A

beta-adrenergic receptors (from epinephrine)

48
Q

cause mild to moderate constriction of the bronchioles

A

Acetylcholine

49
Q

can relax the respiratory passages to relieve
obstruction

A

Atropine

50
Q

Substances released by mast cells during allergic reactions:

A

Histamine

51
Q

keep the respiratory passages moist
- traps small particles out of inspired air to never reach alveoli

A

Mucous goblet cells

52
Q

due to sensitivity of bronchi and trachea to light touch and foreign matter

A

Cough reflex

53
Q

irritation to nasal passageways

A

Sneeze reflex

PHYSIO LEC (7 decks)

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