Q5 - Social Aspects, SM

Question 1

Schacter’s 7 memory sins

Answer 1

sins of omission
1. transience
2. absent mindedness
3. blocking

sins of commission
4. misattribution
5. suggestibility
6. bias
7. persistence

Question 2

memory malleability benefit

Answer 2

transforms distinctive individual memories into shared ones

Question 3

Maurice Halbwachs and no true individual memories

Answer 3

individual memories are not isolated, but are rather shaped and influenced by the social groups to which individuals belong
- memory is not just a personal phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with social structures, norms, and interactions

Question 4

collective memories importance

Answer 4

Collective memories can help shape collective identity, which is usually desirable

Question 5

Not all shared memories are collective memories b/c…

Answer 5

they don’t help shape collective ID

Question 6

psychologists’ primary interest in collective memory is to understand why they go_____

Answer 6

viral

Question 7

ways collective memories are remembered

Answer 7

• monuments/artifacts
• conversations

Question 8

psychologist can contribute to the study of cultural artifacts by understanding how

Answer 8

1. cultural artifacts shape individuals’ (collective) memories of the historical event or person
2. why some monuments, museums, and memorials are more successful/memorable than others

Question 9

Social memory dynamics (4)

Answer 9

1. Collaborative facilitation
2. Collaborative inhibition
3. Audience tuning
4. Transactive memory

Question 10

Collaborative facilitation

Answer 10

the group, as a whole, recalls more than an individual alone would

Question 11

Collaborative inhibition

Answer 11

the group recalls less than the sum of individual recall

Question 12

collab facilitation and inhibition explanations

Answer 12

retrieval blockage
- remembering together interferes w/ retrieval strategies
- individuals remember better alone

Question 13

Audience tuning

Answer 13

framing messages to match what the audience wants to hear
- Audience attentive or not
- In-group; out-group

Question 14

Transactive memory

Answer 14

cognitive effort is distributed among people and resources
- relying on someone’s cognitive effort to hold on to info so we don’t have to
–have to have distinct expertise
– have to know who has that info

Question 15

speaker/listener effects on memory (4)

Answer 15

1. Rehearsal effects
2. Saying is believing effect
3. Social contagion
4. Retrieval-induced forgetting and facilitation

Question 16

Rehearsal/Retrieval effects

Answer 16

Retrieval is the “key to long-term retention”
- mentioning an item during a group recounting should make it easier to remember
- An improvement should be observable in both speaker and listeners
–but more on speaker, who has stronger impact on what group remembers

Question 17

Saying-is-Believing effect

Answer 17

tuning message to audience’s attitude about X
(positive or negative aspects)
- recall matches tuning
- positive aspects are recalled better

Question 18

audience tuning motives (3)

Answer 18

1. obtaining incentive ($$) for audience tuning
2. entertaining audience with exaggerated tuning
3. shared reality (replication of SIB paradigm)
   - in-group

Question 19

in-group vs out group

Answer 19

more desire to create shared reality w/ in-group members
- collective memories are more likely to be formed among those with whom one already wishes to form a shared reality

Question 20

Social Contagion

Answer 20

what one person says in a group recounting can “infect” the memories of other group members
- As a result, the shared memories of the group will overlap more, and the group will come to see the past in a uniform way

Question 21

Factors affecting social contagion (3)

Answer 21

1. Group size matters
   – smaller groups: less chance of social contagion
   - larger groups: more chance of a conformity effect
2. An expert is more likely to impose a memory on others than a non-expert
3. Distrust towards the source of misinformation can limit the level of social contagion
   - material that is easier to access is more likely to be false

Question 22

RIF

Answer 22

practiced, retrieved associations weakens recall of reated, unpracticed info

Question 23

SS-RIF

Answer 23

remembering certain aspects but forgetting other aspects of something learned thru social interactions

Question 24

SS-RIF occurs when (2)

Answer 24

1. merely overhearing a speaker
2. in the course of a free-flowing conversation

Question 25

conversational silence

Answer 25

selective retrieval can induce intentional forgetting unwanted info bc it wasn’t talked about as much - silence
- rehearsing some aspects of an event will weaken other aspects of it and induce forgetting for both speaker and listener
- collective forgetting

Question 26

selective retrieval can produce facilitation when: (2)

Answer 26

1. broad search of info
2. well integrated material

Question 27

extended mind hypothesis questions (2)

Answer 27

1. Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin?
2. where does the space of the body stop and the space of the environment begin?

Question 28

extended mind

Answer 28

an external object becomes part of the cognitive system when its features resemble that part of the brain its meant to replace
ex phone, notebook

Question 29

The extended mind hypothesis answers (3)

Answer 29

1. “Traditional”: The mind stops at the skin and skull: What is outside the body is outside the mind
2. “Externalism”: The meaning of our words are not simply in our head but carries over to the external world
3. Active externalism: The environment plays an active role in driving cognitive processes

Question 30

The Extended Mind factors (4)

Answer 30

1. constancy
2. directly available
3. automatic endorsement
4. previous enforcement

Question 31

Constancy

Answer 31

The information from the external world (e.g., phone, notebook) must be a constant in the individual’s life

Question 32

Directly available

Answer 32

The information from the external world must be directly available without difficulty

Question 33

Automatic endorsement

Answer 33

the information is automatically endorsed when it’s retrieved from the external world

Question 34

Previous endorsement

Answer 34

The information in the external world has been previously endorsed and is there as a result of this endorsement
- may not be a necessary condition

Question 35

extended mind and elderly

Answer 35

parts of the environment and external aids compensate for gaps in cognitive skills that decline w/ age
- elderly ppl w/ dementia show no overt symptoms when they use external aids
- however, these symptoms becomes worse when they lose these cues
ex. moving from house to retirement home

Question 36

extended mind evaluation: 3 waves

Answer 36

1. First Wave: Parity between internal and external components
2. Second Wave: Complementarity between internal and external components
3. Third Wave: Dynamically changing internal and external components; reciprocal process

Question 37

sharing GENERAL INFO on social media - supports extended mind

Answer 37

diminished recall
- offloading: externalizing info replaces the need for biological recall
- no effect for texting

Question 38

sharing PERSONAL memories on social media - no extended mind support

Answer 38

increased recall for personal memories
- rehearsal effect
- deeper processing
- social media format may be more conductive for facilitating recall
– cognitively sticky

Question 39

social media factors that influence memories of the past (4)

Answer 39

1. likes and comments
   - more = more interaction w/ post - more chances for recollection
2. The “permanency” of the post
3. Goals for posting
4. Memory vs. the post

Question 40

study 1 discussion

Answer 40

• sharing photographs and descriptions on social media facilitates accurate recall and diminishes memory errors
• No evidence of RIF

However, this study was completed with “artificial,” experimenter contrived and not personally-relevant photographs
- Thus, lacks ecological validity

Question 41

study 2 discussion

Answer 41

• Enhanced recall for shared photographs
• No evidence of RIF

However, taking photographs and, more specifically, sharing photographs enhances recall those details captured in the photograph
- Does a poorer job of facilitating the recall of the details surrounding the photo

Question 42

mnemonic silence factors (4)

Answer 42

1. the motives associated with why the individual chose not to share the photograph
2. the extent to which the original event was encoded
3. whether the individual revisits the photograph on their own
4. the proclivity with which the individual shares their life on social media more
   generally