Quarterly Exam #3 Terms/Chalk Talk Preparation

Question 0

Lay investiture

Answer 0

The appointment of religious officials (usually bishops) by kings and nobles.

Question 1

Simony

Answer 1

The selling or buying of a position in a christian church.

Question 2

Friar

Answer 2

A member of any certain religious orders of men (Christians), especially the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscans. In other words, wandering monks who lived on charity and helped the sick and poor.

Question 3

Dominicans

Answer 3

Members of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by Dominic (same basis for women as well. Most were scholars.

Question 4

Francis of Assisi

Answer 4

Italian monk; founder of Franciscans (another friar order). Respected all living things as spiritual brothers.

Question 5

Romanesque

Answer 5

Style used in churches between 800 and 1100. The churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The thick walls had tiny windows that let in little light.

Question 6

Gothic

Answer 6

A church style starting in the early 1100s featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires.

Question 7

Cathedral

Answer 7

The principal church of a diocese (district) in which the bishop is officially associated with.

Question 8

Pope Urban ll Crusade

Answer 8

Motivated by Christianity, a desire to liberate the Holy City (Jerusalem), and a desire for wealth. To do this he issued a call for what he termed a “holy war”, or crusade.

Question 9

Saladin

Answer 9

A Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader who conquered Jerusalem during the second crusade. Made a truce with Richard the Lion Hearted to let unarmed Christians into Jerusalem.

Question 10

Richard the Lion-Hearted

Answer 10

An english king who went on the Third Crusade and lead the crusaders to try to conquer Jerusalem. Was a brilliant warrior; made a truce with Saladin in 1192 (truce is on Saladin’s flashcard).

Question 11

Reconquista

Answer 11

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Question 12

Inquisition

Answer 12

This was used by the Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand to unify their empire under Christianity. It was a court held to suppress heresy, or religious beliefs which differed from those of the church.

Question 13

Three-field system

Answer 13

A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of those was successfully planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Question 14

Guild

Answer 14

a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled it’s members’ wages and prices.

Question 15

University

Answer 15

Groups of scholars meeting where they could to discuss studies and from that get jobs.

Question 16

Vernacular

Answer 16

The everyday language of people in a region or country

Question 17

Dante Alighieri

Answer 17

Wrote “The Divine Comedy” (1308-1314) in Italian (vernacular).

Question 18

Geoffrey Chaucer

Answer 18

Wrote in English (vernacular) “The Canterbury Tales” (about 1386-1400)

Question 19

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 19

In the mid-1200s his writings focused on questions of faith versus reason and logic. Between 1267 and 1273, Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologicae. Aquinas’s great work, influenced by Aristotle, combined ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time. He was a scholastic.

Question 20

scholastics

Answer 20

scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities. Their teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of western Europeans, particularly the English and French. Accordingly, they began to develop democratic institutions andtraditions.

Question 21

Edward the Confessor

Answer 21

In 1042 he took throne, died in January in 1066, so a great stuggle for the throne erupted.

Question 22

Norman Conquest: William the Conquerer, Harold, Battle of Hastings

Answer 22

Duke of Normandy (descendants of the Vikings). Cousin of Edward the Confessor. Fought in the Battle of Hastings (1066) with Harold Godwinson, an Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne. Harold died, being pierced in the eye. William won and declared England as all of his personal property, giving lands to Norman lords and laying the foundation for a centralized government in Europe.

Question 23

Henry ll

Answer 23

An English king who helped expand onto French lands by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine and added it to his inherited Norman land. This made him a vassal to the French king as well. Father of Richard the Lion-Hearted and King John.

Question 24

King John “Softsword”

Answer 24

Ruled from 1199-1216. Failed as a military leader and lost and all his lands in Northern France to the French. He alienated theChurchand threatened to take away town charters guaranteeing self-government. John raised taxes to an all-time high to finance his wars. His nobles revolted. They forced him to agree to the Magna Carta.

Question 25

Magna Carta

Answer 25

“Great Charter”- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in AD 1215.

Question 26

Great Schism

Answer 26

A division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church during which rival Popes were established in both Avignon and Rome.

Question 27

Bubonic Plague

Answer 27

Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.

Question 28

Hundred Years’ War

Answer 28

A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337-1453. Effects were nationalism in both countries, power of the French monarch, power of the French monarch, and inner turmoil in England.

Question 29

Agincourt

Answer 29

An essential battle where the outnumbered English defeated the French. The English used a longbow, which proved to be much more useful. This caused the heavily armored medieval knight to become extinct.

Question 30

Joan of Arc

Answer 30

A teenage peasant girl who saw and heard saints telling her to rescue France from its English conquerers so that the real French successor of the previous French king could claim the throne, not an English man (she succeeded). She lead the troops into battle that broke the siege of New Orleans. She was killed for heresy and witchcraft by the English after being captured.

Question 31

Parliament

Answer 31

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. At this time, consisted of knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords.

Question 32

Reform

Answer 32

A series of actions Pope Leo XI and Pope Gregory VII took to make the church better and more Christian. Enforced laws against simony, lay investiture, marriage of priests, and monasteries and churches being over-wealthy. This resurfaced core values and caused the church to become more of an organization rather than just a religion.