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Physiology > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Five divisions of the nervous system

A

Brian, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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2
Q

Two main groupings of nervous system

A

Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

3 Senses that are an input to the CNS

A

special, visceral, sensory

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4
Q

CNS is made up of

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system is made up of

A

peripheral nerves, autonomic nervous system

enteric nervous system

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6
Q

two tissue types of brain and spinal cord

A

grey and white matter

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7
Q

grey matter contains

A

cell bodies of neurons and neuropil

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8
Q

neuropil contains

A

cytoplasmic extensions of neurons and glia

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9
Q

white matter contains

A

myelinated nerve axons and oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

principle functional neuron of the nervous system

A

nerve cells

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11
Q

efferents from the CNS first split into

A

somatic and autonomic

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12
Q

somatic efferent goes to

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

3 branches of autonomic efferents

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

sympathetic efferent innervation example

A

cardiac muscle

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15
Q

parasympathetic efferent innervation example

A

smooth muscle/ glands

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16
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent innervation to the

A

enteric nervous system

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17
Q

enteric nervous system sends signals to the GI tract and receives signals from GI tract. T/F?

A

T

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18
Q

What is the signature feature of neurons

A

abilitiy to rapidly change membrane potential

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19
Q

Name the two processes of neurons

A

dendritic aborization and axons

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20
Q

dendritic aborization

A

receives information from many nerve cells

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21
Q

axons

A

send signals and may branch into axon collaterals, to other neurons/ smooth muscle/ glands

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22
Q

Where is the axon potential generated?

A

Axon Hillock

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23
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

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24
Q

T/F All APs have same magnitude and duration

A

T

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25
Q

What is the all or nothing law

A

when the stimulus activation must cause a depolarisation of at least -40 to -55mV before nearby voltage gated ion channels are opened

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26
Q

Which principal ion moves in and which moves out

A

Sodium in, potassium out

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27
Q

What is the depolarisation peak magnitude?

A

+40mV

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28
Q

What occurs during the absolute refactory period?

A

k+ channels open, causing repolarisation, when membrane potential is not excitable

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29
Q

how long does the absolute refactory period last for?

A

1-2ms

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30
Q

What can occur during relative refactory period?

A

Hyperpolarisation

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31
Q

What happens during the relative refactory period?

A

membrane potential lower than resting membrane potential, membrane less excitable, greater magnitude of depolarisation must occur for threshold to be reached

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32
Q

What the relative refactory period caused by?

A

latent closing of k+ channels

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33
Q

In the CNS, where is myelin produced?

A

oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

Where in the PNS is myelin produced?

A

Schwann cells

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35
Q

What are created in unmyelinated axons?

A

Local circuts

36
Q

Describe the movement in AP propogation along an unmyelinated axon

A

continuous wave

37
Q

Describe the movement of AP propogation in a myelinated axon

A

saltatory propogation

38
Q

Saltatory propogation increases

A

speed of impulse transmission

39
Q

Where are Na+ channels densly located in myelinated axons

A

Nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

Saltatory propgation is permitted through the production of which protein

A

Myelin Basic Protein

41
Q

Myelin Basic Protein makes up which axon structure?

A

Myelin sheath

42
Q

How do unmyelinated axons compensate for slower transmission speed?

A

Larger axon diameter

43
Q

Define synapse

A

a specialised junction where transmission of information takes place between nerve fibres and another nerve cell/ muscle/ gland

44
Q

Define presynaptic neuron

A

nerve that gives rise to the axon

45
Q

What is the synaptic function?

A

to transmit the information coded in the sequence of action potentials to the post-synaptic cell so that it responds in an appropriate way

46
Q

T/F synapses are bi-directional?

A

F, they are unidirectional

47
Q

Define an excitatory synapse

A

when the activity of the post-synaptic cell is increased

48
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

when the pre-synaptic neuron leads to a decrease in activity of the post-synaptic cell

49
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

synapses that operate by the secretion of a small quantity of chemicals - neurotransmitters, from the nerve terminal

50
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

a synapse that operates by transmitting the electrical current generated by the action potential to the post synaptic cell via gap junctions

51
Q

How small is the synaptic cleft?

A

20 nm

52
Q

Define excitatory post-synaptic potential

A

when the activation of an excitatory synapse causes a depolarisation of the membrane potential

53
Q

Define inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

when the activation of an inhibitory synapse leads to a hyperpolarisation of the membrane

54
Q

Which ions mainly cause hyperpolarisation?

A

K+ and Cl-

55
Q

T/F EPSP and IPSP are graded in intesity?

A

T

56
Q

EPSP and IPSP outlast the AP that initiated them? T/F

A

T

57
Q

What determines neurotransmitter release?

A

action potential frequency

58
Q

Ester is which class of neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

Name two amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid

60
Q

Name three amine neurotransmitters

A

serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline

61
Q

Name 5 peptide neurotransmitters

A

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance p, encephalins, somatostatin, ADH

62
Q

Name an inorganic gas neuotransmitter

A

nitric oxide

63
Q

How long is the secretory process?

A

0.25ms

64
Q

What are quanta?

A

Neurotransmitter packages

65
Q

Fast synaptic transmission occurs

A

if neurotransmitter activates ligand-gated ion channels

66
Q

What are the properties of fast synaptic transmission?

A

rapid and short-lived, example = acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction

67
Q

Slow synaptic transmission occurs

A

if neurotransmitter activates G-protein linked receptor

68
Q

What are the properties of slow synaptic transmission?

A

Slow onset and long-lived, example = noradrenaline on alpha1-adrenoreceptors in peripheral blood vessels

69
Q

What does depolarisation depend on?

A

No. of ion channels opened, thereby determining Na+ and K+ permeability

70
Q

Two neurotransmitters involved in fast excitatory synaptic transmission?

A

Acetylcholine or glutamate

71
Q

Two neurotransmitters involved in fast inhibitory synaptic transmission?

A

GABA or glycine

72
Q

Acetylcholine is inactivated by which enzyme and what are the products?

A

The hydrolytic enzyme is acetylcholinesterase, products are acetate and choline

73
Q

Where can acetylcholinesterase be found?

A

neuromuscular junction

74
Q

Define motor nerves

A

nerves that transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

75
Q

What is neuromuscular transmission?

A

the process of transmitting a signal from a motor nerve to a skeletal muscle causing it to contract

76
Q

Curare blocks?

A

cholinergic receptors at neuromuscular junctions

77
Q

Define temporal summation

A

repeated activation of a synapse that become superimposed

78
Q

Define spatial summation

A

individual neurons receive many contacts, 2 or more synapses activated at the same time, these synaptic potentials summate

79
Q

Define divergence

A

when second-order sensory nerve cells make contact with many other nerve cells

80
Q

define convergence

A

when individual nerve cells in the CNS receive input from many primary afferent fibres; receptive field of a particular sensory neuron is then larger than afferents

81
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A

synaptic modulation underlining learning, memory and recovery processes

82
Q

Name the three forms of neuroplasticity

A

Presynaptic, synaptic cleft, post-synaptic

83
Q

What is involved in presynaptic neuroplasticity?

A

the modification of neurotransmitter released

84
Q

What is involved in synaptic cleft neuroplasticity?

A

modification of neurotransmitter uptake

85
Q

What is involved in post-synaptic neuroplasticity?

A

A greater sensitivity to neurotransmitters

Physiology (3 decks)

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