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Biochemistry 1 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization from largest to smallest?

A

-biosphere (all of world’s ecosystem)
-ecosystem (interacting community of organisms)
-organism (individuals in species)
-organ (specialized structural system, a group of tissues, carries out a function)
-tissue (more homogenous group of cells)
-cell (biological unit of all living organisms, cells consist of a cytoplasm within a membrane)
-biomolecule (any molecule that is present in living organisms, such as carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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2
Q

What does kary mean?

A

nucelus

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3
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

before nucleus (no nucleus)

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4
Q

What does eukaryote mean?

A

true nucleus

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5
Q

What is the formula for finding volume of a cell?

A

V0= pi r ^3

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6
Q

What are the focuses of biochemistry?

A

-bottom level of the organization system
-universal principles apply across all organisms
-chemical and physical properties of biomolecules, with particular interest in their roles in biological systems

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules/polymers?

A

-carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

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8
Q

What is the subunit/monomer for carbs?

A

monosaccharides (such as glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose)

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9
Q

What is the subunit/monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

What is the subunit/monomer for lipids?

A

fatty acids like glycerol

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11
Q

What is the subunit/monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

How many nucleotides are there?

A

8

4 for DNA, 4 for RNA (ATCG, AUCG)

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13
Q

Is insulin a polymer or a monomer?

A

polymer

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14
Q

What atoms are found in carbohydrates, like monosaccharide?

A

C, H, O atoms, usually with a H:O atom ratio of 2:1

formula= Cn(H2O)n

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15
Q

Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same formula but different structures. What is the formula?

A

C6H12O6

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16
Q

What is this?

A

glucose

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17
Q

What is this?

A

galactose

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18
Q

What is this?

A

fructose

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19
Q

What is the formula for ribose?

A

C5H10O5

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20
Q

What is this?

A

ribose

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21
Q

What does a carbonyl group look like?

A

C=O

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22
Q

If a carbonyl group is on C1 of a carbohydrate/monosaccharide, what is it called?

A

aldose

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23
Q

If a carbonyl group is on any carbon besides C1 of a carbohydrate/monosaccharide, what is it called?

A

ketose

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24
Q

What does a hydroxyl group look like?

A

O-H

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25
Q

What sugar has a ketose on C2?

A

fructose

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26
Q

What is attached to the alpha carbon on an amino acid?

A

amino group, carboxyl group (carboxylic acid), and a hydrogen atom

All amino acids also have an R group or side chain, but each amino acid will have a different one

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27
Q

What does a fatty acid consist of?

A

a carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon tail/chain

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28
Q

What foods is cholesterol found in?

A

animal products

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29
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

4-fused ring structure

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30
Q

Is cholesterol essential?

A

no, the body makes enough of it that we don’t need it in our diet

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31
Q

Nucleotides are molecules that serve as the monomers or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides and are composed of nitrogen base (B), a 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose, S) and at least….

A

one phosphate group (P)

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32
Q

What is this?

A

glycerol (monomer of lipid)

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33
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

-chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms/elements
-strong bond, can only be broken down by enzymes
-determines hydrophilicity based on polarity

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34
Q

T/F: single covalent bond can bend, rotate, and stretch. Double and triple covalent bonds cant

A

true

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35
Q

define enzyme

A

biological catalysts that enable specific bonds to be broken or formed under physiological conditions

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36
Q

define electronegativity

A

tendency of atoms to attract electrons towards itself

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37
Q

What are nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

-electrons are shared equally
-tend to be relatively unreactive
-CC and CH covalent bonds are nonpolar and hydrophobic

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38
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

-one atom has a higher affinity for electrons
-reactive
-O, N, and F are highly electronegative atoms
-NH and OH covalent bonds are polar and hydrophilic

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39
Q

What atoms are highly electronegative?

A

O, N, and F

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40
Q

What are the 2 types of non-covalent bonds we talked about?

A

1) hydrogen bonding
2) ionic bonding

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41
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

electrostatic attraction between electronegative and electronpositive atoms (it has 1/20 of the strength of covalent bond)

water hydrogen bonds with water or with other polar compounds

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42
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

-involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
-the ions represent atoms that have lost 1 or more electrons and atoms that have gained 1 or more electrons

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43
Q

Subunits are covalently bonded to one another to form macromolecules by condensation reactions. What happens in condensation reactions?

A

polymers are made from monomers

water is removed

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44
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

use of water to break covalent bonds and make polymer into monomers

45
Q

Where is hydrolysis seen in the human body?

A

digestive system because we can only absorb monomers, so the polymers need to be broken down with water

46
Q

Monosaccharides are bonded together by _______________ bonds to form carbohydrates. The bond is synthesized by condensation of _____________

A

O-glycosidic, 2 hydroxyl groups

47
Q

What is an amino acid made up of?

A

-alpha carbon
-carboxylic acid
-amino group
-H
-R group/side chain

48
Q

Amino acids are bonded to one another by ___________ bonds to form ____________. This bond is synthesized by condensation of ___________________

A

peptide/amide, proteins, amino and carboxyl (carboxylic acid)

49
Q

What is another name for tripeptide?

A

polypeptide or protein

50
Q

Fatty acids can make ester bonds with each OH group on glycerol or….

A

one OH on cholesterol with fatty acid will also make an ester bond

51
Q

1 glycerol + 1 FA=

A

monoglyceride

52
Q

1 glycerol + 2 FA=

A

diglyceride

53
Q

Subunits of lipids are bonded to one another by _______ bonds. This bond is formed by condensation of ___________________

A

ester, carboxyl (carboxylic acid) and hydroxyl group

54
Q

Nucleotides are bonded to one another by _________________ bonds. This bond is formed by condensation of _____________________

A

phosphodiester, phosphor and hydroxyl group

55
Q

Hydroxyl can also be called what?

A

alcohol or OH

56
Q

Is a hydroxyl group polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

57
Q

What is another name for aldehyde?

A

carbonyl

58
Q

Are aldehydes polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

59
Q

What is another name for ketone?

A

carbonyl or C=O

60
Q

Are ketones polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

61
Q

What is another name for carboxyl?

A

carboxylic acid, acid, or COOH

62
Q

What is another name for amino groups?

A

amine or NH2

63
Q

What is another name for amides?

A

peptide

64
Q

Are amides/peptides polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

65
Q

Which functional group is an antioxidant?

A

thiol (SH)

66
Q

Are thiols polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar covalent/hydrophobic bc its easily oxidized and can form -S-S- disulfide bonds

67
Q

Are esters polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar/hydrophobic

68
Q

What is oxidation?

A

-loss of electrons and hydrogens
-need oxygen to do the reaction

69
Q

What atoms have energy?

A

C-H, can only get energy from organic molecules

ex: water is not energetic

70
Q

How many calories are there per lipid?

A

9 calories/g

71
Q

How many calories are there per carb/proteins?

A

4 calories/g for carbs

4 calories/g for proteins

72
Q

What lipid molecule has the most energy?

A

the lipid with the most H bonded to C, in the class example it was methane (and CO2 had the least energy)

73
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons/hydrogen

74
Q

Are calories in foods rounded up or down?

A

rounded down to closest whole number

75
Q

What are the 3 types of energy containing nutrients?

A

-carbs
-fats
-proteins

76
Q

What is catabolism?

A

-breaking down molecules
-oxidation reaction (loss of electrons/hydrogen)

77
Q

What are the 3 energy depleted end products after catabolism?

A

-CO2
-H2O
-NH3

78
Q

What are the precursor molecules for anabolism?

A

-amino acids
-sugars
-fatty acids
-nitrogenous bases

79
Q

What is anabolism?

A

-building up compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids)
-reduction reaction (gaining H and electrons)

80
Q

The free energy released from catabolic reactions is temporarily stored in the form of….

A

ATP

81
Q

The energy derived from catabolic reactions is used by the cell to drive anabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions are said to be _______________ to catabolic reactions

A

coupled

82
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

energy and mass can neither be created or destroyed, only transformed into one form from another

83
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

the universe tends towards disorder (breaking down/disorganization) such that reactions occur at the expense of order

84
Q

The tendency towards disorder is a form of energy called….

A

entropy (s)

85
Q

When an organism breaks down a highly organized biomolecule (food), the energy contained within that molecule is released as several forms of energy. What are they?

A

-entropy (S, cannot be used by body)
-Heat (H, all energy will eventually turn to heat)
-Gibbs Free Energy (G, energy the body can use)

86
Q

__________ drives the reaction by creating disorder. Heat cannot be used and is lost to the environment. Only ______________ is available to do biochemical work

A

Entropy, Free Energy

87
Q

bigger molecule = _________ energy

A

higher

88
Q

smaller molecule= _________ stable, ________ energy

A

more, less

89
Q

A -> B

If GA (bigger) > GB(smaller) , then delta G is _______. Free energy is released to do work. This reaction is _________________

A

negative, exergonic

90
Q

A-> B

If GA (smaller) < GB (larger) then delta G is __________. Free energy must be provided for the reaction to proceed. This reaction is ______________

A

positive, endergonic

91
Q

In general, endergonic reactions are biosynthetic or ____________ reactions thats generate biomolecules and macromolecules

A

anabolic

92
Q

______________ reactions are usually catabolic reactions that breakdown nutrients

A

Exergonic

93
Q

What are some synonyms for exergonic?

A

-decrease in free energy
-increase stability
-spontaneous
-downhill
-movement towards equilibrium
-ATP producing
-Catabolism

93
Q

What are some synonyms for endergonic?

A

-increase in free energy (pos delta G)
-decrease in stability
-non-spontaneous
-uphill
-movement away from equilibrium
-ATP requiring
-anabolism

93
Q

What is the Keq equation?

A

keq= [B] / [A]

(concentrations of B and A)

94
Q

What are the 3 basic atoms in biological molecules?

A

C, H, O

95
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen

96
Q

What is the difference between a covalent bond and a non-covalent bond?

A

covalent= sharing of electron pairs between atoms, determines hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity based on polarity

non-covalent= does not share electron pairs

97
Q

Is glucose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic bc of OH bonds

98
Q

Is sucrose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic bc of OH bonds

99
Q

Is ribose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic because of OH bonds

100
Q

Is deoxyribose hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic because of OH bonds

101
Q

Is glycine hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic because of carboxylic acid and amino group

102
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic because of OH bond

103
Q

Is cholesterol ester hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

fully hydrophobic because ester bond is hydrophobic and so is everything else

104
Q

Is glycerol hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic because of OH, can bond with water easily

105
Q

Is triglyceride (TG) hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

fully hydrophobic because all the bonds are nonpolar

106
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic because of long hydrocarbon chain

Biochemistry 1 (12 decks)

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