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SLP Neurophysiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the nervous system

A

Basic: spinal arc reflexes, diencephalon
Higher level: brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum

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2
Q

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

A

Beneficial for looking at 2D and 3D views of soft tissue, does not use radiation
Strong magnets align the nuclei of the body
Cannot do MRI if magnetic components in body, including pacemaker
Used to indicate strokes

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3
Q

FMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

Views blood flow and what’s activated

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4
Q

CAT - computer aided tomography

A

Shows tumors better than MRI
Used to ID cancer cells and bone structures
Only large strokes will be seen on CT scan

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5
Q

PET - positron emission topography

A

Good for identifying cancer
Views blood flow using ionizing radiation and radioactive materials called radio tracers
Can ID the onset of disease earlier than other imaging tests

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6
Q

EEG - electtroencephalography

A

Measures brain waves and electrical activity
Measures seizure activity

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7
Q

Major function of neuron

A

Communication

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8
Q

Synapse

A

Communication junction between 2 neurons

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9
Q

Axon purpose

A

Moves the action potential from the neuron to another neuron, the post synaptic neuron

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10
Q

Post synaptic neuron is 1 of 2 things

A

Inhibited from acting
OR
Excited to act

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11
Q

Semipermeable

A

Ions pass in and out of healthy neuron walls

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12
Q

Action potential of a neuron

A

Generated when neuron is excited to act
Electrical potential that arises from depolarization of a cell membrane
Chemical: depolarization is equalization of ion gradient
All or nothing response
Active transport moves ions and adjusts the balance of ions
Gradient is eliminated active transport is re-established

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13
Q

Depolarizing

A

Upward going pulses
Makes cell less negative

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14
Q

Hyperpolarizing

A

Downward pulses
Makes the cell less positive

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15
Q

Energy gradients

A

Imbalance and have 2 types
Electrochemical
Concentration

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16
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Composed of an electrical charge and molecular density or magnets
Attracts positive ions to negative ions
Electrical gradient is a from fo the total charge of positive and negative charges present across the membrane
Chemical gradient is formed by the concentration of ions across the membrane
Together they usually act in opposite directions

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17
Q

Concentration

A

Similar to dropping food coloring in water 0 higher concentration close to where the drops were put in, lowest concentration away from the drops

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18
Q

Ion transport

A

Passive and active

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19
Q

Passive ion transport

A

Ions move to equalize across the membrane, no energy is expended
Transmits a signal on a short axon
Similar to water moving through pipes
Potassium +
Open K channel in a resting membrane allowing the potassium to flow out to diffuse down its concentration gradient
Resulting in more positive ions on the outside of the cell than inside
Then the channel closes

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20
Q

Active ion transport

A

Sodium-potassium pump
Required to readjust the balance of ions across the gradient
Similar to a water pump
ATP uses energy produced the the sodium-potassium pump
Plasma membrane actively pumping sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron
This is 3 sodium’s to 1 potassium because there is very little sodium that re-enters the cell via diffusion
Maintains an imbalance in distribution of ions and thus maintaining the resting potential

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21
Q

Firing neuron

A

Chemical transmission is the chemical firing of the (happens at the synapse)
Polarization is going to be the state of rest (imbalance of sodium)

22
Q

Polarization

A

State of rest
Imbalance of sodium: more outside of the neuron than inside
More potassium and chloride inside
Electrical charge with the inside of the neuron more negative than outside

23
Q

Depolarization

A

Change in polarity - influx of sodium
Electrical firing of the neuron
Occurs at the nodes of Ranvier - jumping from node to node and speeds the transmission

24
Q

Repolarizatioin

A

Sodium gates close, stopping the depolarization process
Reloading the neuron

25
Q

Stimulation of neuron membrane

A

Resting membrane potential
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period

26
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Gradient promotes ion movement once the channel opens to permit the movement
Electrical potential PRIOR to excitation

27
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cell membrane cannot be stimulated to fire
Phase of depolarization
Sodium channels are inactivated

28
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Neuron may fire to ONLY very strong stimuli
Follows the absolute refractory

29
Q

See diagram in notes for firing neuron

A

See it

30
Q

Propagation

A

Spreading effect of the wave action
All or nothing
Travels along the axon with help of myelin until it reaches the terminal button
Once terminal button is depolarized it releases a neurotransmitter to the synaptic cleft
Saltatory conduction: action potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next

31
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

In the presynaptic membrane
Must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization
Post synaptic receptors must receive it
If the cell is less positive, it’s not going to create an action potential - inhibited so action potential is stopped

32
Q

Watch video from lecture 3

A

Starts around 13:50 minutes

33
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids:
Excitatory: glutamate, aspartatory
Inhibitory: GABA, Glycine
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Monamine: Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin
Neuropeptides: Opiods, oxytocin, insulin

34
Q

Glutamate

A

Component of CNS
Important in learning and memory
Excessive glutamate is a neurotoxin

35
Q

GABA

A

Main inhibitory transmitter of the CNS
Sleep/wake cycle
Plays role in depression and insomnia
Part of PNS - found in brain stem, forebrain and basal ganglia, causes muscle tissue to contract
Regulates alertness, attention, memory, learning, plays a role in Alzheimer’s

36
Q

Dopamine

A

Plays a role in movement
Controls emotions
Delusions or hallucinations, flat affect or lack of motivation
Can block other neurotransmitters

37
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline
Regulates the heart rate, blood pressure, fight or flight response

38
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Modulates attention, sleep/wake cycle, mood disorder, ADD

39
Q

Serotonin

A

Excitatory or inhibitory
Plays a role in depression, OCD, anxiety

40
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Involved in sensory perception, emotion, pain and stress responses
Can block some neurotransmitters

41
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Point where nerve and muscle communicates
Has the appearance of a synapse
Product of communication is a muscle twitch
Composed of thick and thin myofilamnets that slide across each other during contraction

42
Q

Sarcomere

A

Building block of striated muscle

43
Q

Muscle function

A

Result of activation of muscle fiber
Release of calcium into environment of thick myofilaments
Results in shortening of muscles

44
Q

Types of muscles

A

Slow twitch
Fast twitch

45
Q

Slow twitch muscles

A

Involved in maintaining posture
Stay contracted longer than fast twitch
Sustained movement or slow moving tongue movements

46
Q

Fast twitch muscles

A

Involve din fine and rapid muscle action
Used when doing dietokinetics

47
Q

Muscle spindle function

A

Provide information to neuromuscular system
Feedback about muscle length, motion and position
Striated muscles fibers
Extrafusal fibers - bulk of muscles
Intrafusal l fibers - sense changes in muscle length

48
Q

Muscle spindle response

A

Responds to phasic and tonic lengthening
Phasic : muscle undergoes change in length
Tonic: muscle is maintained in a lengthened condition
Both needed for muscle control

49
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Sensor located at the tendon
Works with muscle spindles
Sensitive to degree of tension on muscle
Responds to tension of musculature during contraction
Tells you how much stretch is happening

50
Q

Other sensations and sensors

A

Sensory receptors:
Mechanoreceptors: in the skin
Chemoreceptors: smell and taste
Photoreceptors are light
Non-encapsulated endings: free nerve endings which are simply the peripheral end of a sensory Axon. Respond to noxious (pain and thermal stimuli)
Encapsulated endings include Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and ruffnis

SLP Neurophysiology (1 decks)

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