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Anthropology > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

anthropos

A

man

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2
Q

ology

A

study of

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3
Q

anthropology

A

holistic scientific study of humankind, both past and present

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4
Q

Hominins

A

includes: present day humans, extinct human species and prehumans

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5
Q

pre humans

A

two legged ancestors, walked planet 6-7 mil years ago

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6
Q

Holistic approach to anthropology

A

whole of humanity, examines every aspect of humans

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7
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

focus on human behavior, learned/acquired, not inherited,

-Cross cultural/ comparative approach: all people and cultures around the world included

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8
Q

Archaeology

A

goal is to reconstruct past lifestyles and cultures

- analyze material remains, artifacts

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9
Q

Artifacts (archaeology)

A

tools, pottery, buildings, weapons, written or inscribed items

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10
Q

Linguistics

A

study of language; written and oral

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11
Q

migration patterns (linguistic anthro)

A

peopling of world, where people have settled & where they came from

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12
Q

language vehicle

A

carries/transmits culture

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13
Q

Physical (biological) Anthro

A

focus on humans as biological organisms

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14
Q

evolution

A

genetic change over time (min 1 generation)

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15
Q

biocultural evolution

A

how culture alters evolution

ex) cooking with fire softens food, decreased demand for heavy chewing and large back teeth 
        - --more people without wisdom teeth
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16
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

study of fossils:

-physical tangible evidence of evolution

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17
Q

osteology

A

study of bones

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18
Q

Forensic anthropology

A

analysis of skeletal material for legal Identification

-can determine: sex, age, ancestry

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19
Q

primatology

A

study of nonhuman primates:

  • humans are primates,
  • primates biologically and behaviorally our closest relatives
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20
Q

Human Variation

A

become aware of TRAITS expressed in different forms/varieties:

  • how are different traits distributed among populations and with what frequency
  • traits exhibited in different forms: ex) ear wax, tongue rolling, blood type
  • ask why specific trait is common in specific region
  • some traits advantageous Ex) skin color: less likely to burn ; short & stocky build: helps conserve heat
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21
Q

Applied or Practical Anthro

A

Uses all data/info and methodologies from other 4 to address problems in todays society

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22
Q

anthropometry

A

measuring in detail all parts of the body

23
Q

Early Naturalist Views: Great Chain of Being

A
  • life forms created on progression from simple to complex

- no gaps in chain from simple to complex

24
Q

Early Naturalist Views: Immutability of Species

A
  • life forms never changed in appearance from day of creation
  • god design
25
Q

Early Naturalist Views: Fixity of Species

A
  • each type of life from created once
  • species existence can never change (fixed)
  • no species could become extinct/ no new species
26
Q

Early Naturalist Views: No change in universe

A

seas,heavens,mountains,earth always remained the same

27
Q

Archbishop James Usshen

A
  • creation occurred 4004 BC
    • calculated referring to begats in bible
  • dr lightfoot expanded concept: creation occured oct 23, 4004 BC at 9:00am
28
Q

Copernicus

A
  • triggered scientific revolution
  • heliocentric view (sun centered universe)
  • challenged geo-centric view
29
Q

Galileo

A
  • in 1600s confirmed copernicus view of heliocentric universe
  • heresy: claimed false & opposed by scripture
  • put under house arrest, pardoned by catholic church in 1984
  • by 1700s accepted change in heavens but not in earth surface or in life forms
30
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

-believed in fixity & immutability of species
-developed classification system of plants and animals
*humans w/ animals & apes
-

31
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

(developed by carolus Linnaeus):

  1. genus and species name
    ex) Homosapien
  2. genus 1st, capitalized; followed by species, lowercase
32
Q

Cuvier

A
  • discovered strata: layers of earth
    a) fossils- species w/ no living counterpart
    b) seashells - inland area
  • catastrophism: disaster: natural event created change
33
Q

Lamarck

A
  1. first major proponent of organic evolution
    • species undergo transformatino
    • modern species descended from ancestors over immense periods of time
  2. Proposed “INheritance of Acquired Characteristics Through Use or Disuse of Parts”
    - new method by which species originate
    ex) giraffe long neck through use
  3. Introduced that environment can cause biological change and organisms adapt to environment
34
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • rejected catastrophism
  • promoted uniformitarianism: forces that were active with the earth in the past are still operating today
  • greater time span for change to occur
  • Published “Principles of Geology” influenced Darwin
35
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

-population problems: population increasing faster than food supply
“Essay on principles of population” influenced darwin

36
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • some individuals better suited for environment
  • natural selection
  • 1859: On the Origin of Species
37
Q

On the Origin of Species

A

Charles Darwin, 1859: life forms change via natural selection

38
Q

individual vs population

A

individual: unit of natural selection
population: unit of evolution

39
Q

Industrial Melanism

A

dark moths and light moths

-change in population due to environment

40
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success, relative to environment

41
Q

2 mechanisms by which natural selection operates

A
  1. Differential Fertility: differences in reproductive rates

2. Differential mortality: differences in death rates

42
Q

Alfred Wallace

A
  1. formulated natural selection independent of Darwin

2. not credited w/ natural selection

43
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  1. experimented with fertilization of peas

- found that there are at least one set of contrasting chracteristics for each trait

44
Q

Expression of traits in gregor mendels experiment

A

each trait expressed in at least 2 different VARIETIES

ex) trait: Height —> tall & short

45
Q

First parental gneration

A

P1

46
Q

offspring resulted in first parental generation

A

F1

47
Q

phenotype

A

outward physical expression of gene

48
Q

genotype

A

genetic make up

49
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of a gene

50
Q

gametes

A

sex cells, contain one of alleles not both

51
Q

Principle of segregation

A

when gametes are produced, pair of alleles separate or segregate
—-> gamete contains 1 allele for that trait

52
Q

Independent Assortment

A
  • produces varation*

1. genes/ alleles for specific trait combine independently (in offspring)

53
Q

Particulate Inheritance

A

alleles dont blend

alleles carried by gametes combine to produce offspring, alleles retain original characteristics

Anthropology (1 decks)

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