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A&P > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

study of body structures and their relationship

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of body function

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3
Q

How are Anatomy & Physiology different?

A

This class is the study of the form and function and how the form facilitates the body’s functions

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4
Q

Define the noninvasive diagnostic techniques?

A

Inspection: Visual observation.
Palpation: feeling.
Auscultation: listening with stethoscope.
Percussion: tapping with fingers to produce a sound.

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5
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of human life?

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproductive
Evolution
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6
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body

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7
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to change. Homeostatis

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8
Q

Movement

A

motion of the whole body

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9
Q

Growth

A

increase of the body size

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10
Q

Differentiation

A

development of a cell from unspecialized to a specialized state. Organization and made of cells

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11
Q

Reproductive

A

formation of new cells and a new individual

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12
Q

List and describe the 8 levels of structural organization

A 
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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13
Q

Cellular

A

molecules are formed to make cells that includes the organelles. There are many types in the body

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14
Q

Tissue

A

similar cells that group together to form a particular function. There are 4 types

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15
Q

Organ

A

Two or more types of tissues groped together. To perform a function and recognizable shape

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16
Q

System

A

related organs with a common function

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17
Q

Organism

A

any living individual with all the parts functioning together

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18
Q

At what level does it become living matter?

A

Organelle

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19
Q

What are the 4 main types of Tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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20
Q

List the 11 systems of the body and major organs included in each system.

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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21
Q

Integumentary

A

skin

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22
Q

Skeletal

A

Bones

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23
Q

Muscular

A

muscles

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24
Q

Nervous

A

brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

Endocrine & organs

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas

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26
Q

Cardiovascular & organs

A

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

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27
Q

Lymphatic & organs

A

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic nodes

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28
Q

Respiratory & organs

A

nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm

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29
Q

Digestive & organs

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and large intestines

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30
Q

Urinary & organs

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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31
Q

Reproductive & organs

A

testes, ovaries, and uterus

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32
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Body is erect, arms by sides, palms facing forward, and feet and legs facing forward

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33
Q

Supine

A

lying face up is considered

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34
Q

Prone

A

While lying facedown is considered

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35
Q

Why is it important to use anatomical position and directional terms?

A

As health care providers you will be sharing information with other providers and by using universal terms you avoid confusion

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36
Q

Explain ipsilateral vs. contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral is same side

Contralateral is opposite

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37
Q

Explain unilateral vs. bilateral?

A

Unilateral is one side bilateral is both sides. Ex. Outside of body vs inside the body

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38
Q

What are the two body subdivisions and what do they include?

A

Axial: head, neck and trunk
Appendicular: shoulders, arms, hips, legs

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39
Q

Lumen

A

hallow area of an organ

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40
Q

Cortex

A

outer region of an organ

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41
Q

Medulla

A

inner region of an organ

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42
Q

Base

A

widest part of an organ

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43
Q

Apex

A

narrow part of an organ

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44
Q

Give 3 Examples of homeostasis

A

temperature regulation
Blood pressure
Childbirth
Digestion

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45
Q

What are the three major components to a feedback loop?

A

Receptor or sensory

2. Control Center or integrator
3. Effector
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46
Q

Negative Feedback & example

A

Reverses the change in a controlled condition. Ex. Increase in blood pressure

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47
Q

Positive Feedback & example

A

Strengthens or reinforces and change in a controlled condition. Ex. Child birth, immune response, blood clot. Does not maintain homeostasis.

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48
Q

What are the 3 levels of control? Describe each of them.

A

Intracellular
Intrinsic
Extrinsic

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49
Q

Intracellular

A

within the cell

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50
Q

Intrinsic

A

within an organ local

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51
Q

Extrinsic

A

system level (nerves and hormones)

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52
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons

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53
Q

Mass Number

A

the number of protons and number of neutrons

54
Q

Isotope

A

atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers

55
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Average mass of all isotpes

56
Q

Carbon Symbol

A

C

57
Q

Oxygen Symbol

A

O

58
Q

Nitrogen Symbol

A

N

59
Q

Hydrogen Symbol

A

H

60
Q

Sodium Symbol

A

Na

61
Q

Fluorine Symbol

A

F

62
Q

Chlorine Symbol

A

Cl

63
Q

Copper Symbol

A

Cu

64
Q

Iodine Symbol

A

I

65
Q

Potassium Symbol

A

K

66
Q

Calcium Symbol

A

Ca

67
Q

Aluminum Symbol

A

Al

68
Q

Tin Symbol

A

Sn

69
Q

Silver Symbol

A

Ag

70
Q

Gold Symbol

A

Au

71
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound? Give an example of each.

A

A molecule is when two or more atoms share electrons ex. O2

A compound is when two or more different elements share electrons ex. H2O

72
Q

Name & define 3 types of mixtures

A

Solution- a solvent is dissolved in another substance solute; evenly disbursed & can’t see it (salt+water)
Suspension- things mixed together but it will eventually settle out
Colloid- mixed together but it will be cloudy

73
Q

What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?

A

solvent- greatest mass (water)

solute- what’s dissolved in the solvent

74
Q

What is the difference between a cation & anion?

A

cation- positive charge

anion- negative charge

75
Q

What is the difference between ionic bonds & covalent bonds?

A

ionic- A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges
covalent- are formed by sharing pairs of electrons between two atoms (single (2), double (4) , triple (6) )

76
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A bond between hydrogen and a negative atom

77
Q

Characteristics that make water so unique

A

a polar molecule
high boiling point
creates surface tension

78
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Results in electrically balanced, non-polar molecules such as CO2

79
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

Results in electrically polar molecules ex-H2O

80
Q

2 forms of energy in chemical reactions; explain

A

kinetic- energy in motion

potention- stored energy

81
Q

anabolism (endergonic)

A

building up substances into more , complex substances

requires energy

82
Q

catabolism (exergonic)

A

breaking down substances into smaller, simpler substances

releases energy

83
Q

Synthesis Reactions

A

2 reactants combine to form a more complex product
energy is required
A+B=AB

84
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

a substance is broken down
energy is released
CD=C+D

85
Q

Exchange Reactions

A

2 reactants exchange components to form new products

AB + CD  AC + BD

86
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

can occur in both directions

87
Q

catalyst

A

A chemical compound that can speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy need for the reaction to occur

88
Q

What makes a compound an organic compound?

A

has C-C or C-H covalent bond

89
Q

What inorganic molecules are closely related to cellular respiration?

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

90
Q

How much of the body is water and how much is other organic compounds?

A

60%-80% water

40%-20% organic compounds

91
Q

Examples of electrolytes

A 
sodium
potassium
chlorine 
calcium
iron
92
Q

hydrophoic

A

resists water

93
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracts water

94
Q

electrolytes

A

conduct electrical currents through solvents

95
Q

Substances that are proton donors, meaning they release a hydrogen ion, are called?

A

acids

96
Q

Main properties of acids

A

anything below 7 & release hydrogen ions & proton donors

97
Q

Main properties of bases

A

proton acceptors & increase hydroxide ions or decrease in hydrogen & above 7 on pH scale

98
Q

Substances that are proton acceptors, meaning they have hydroxide ions that combine with hydrogen ions, are called?

A

bases

99
Q

pH of 7

A

neutral

100
Q

pH < 7

A

acidic

101
Q

pH > 7

A

alkaline

102
Q

Is blood acidic or alkaline? Blood has a pH level of 7.35-7.45

A

alkaline

103
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer?

A

Works to minimize changes in pH in our bodies, donates and removes hydrogen ions to maintain pH
helps maintain homeostasis

104
Q

What kind of reaction occurs when an acid and base combine and result in a salt?

A

displacement reaction

105
Q

What organic substances make up the human body? (biomolecules)

A

carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

106
Q

What are carbohydrates commonly called?

A

sugars & starches

107
Q

What are some types of carbohydrates & sugars?

A

monosaccarides (1)
disaccarides (2)
polysaccarides (multiple)

108
Q

What is the principal polysaccharide in the body? & Where is it stored?

A

glycogen

liver & skeletal muscles

109
Q

What is one of the most abundant organic compounds?

A

proteins

110
Q

What do amino acids consist of?

A

A carbon atom, an amino group, a acid group, and a function group or R group

111
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure & what do they do?

A 
Primary 
Secondary 
Tertiary
Quaternary
(these determine shape &amp; function)
112
Q

What are different ways a protein can be denatured?

A

increase or decrease pH
change in temperature
radiation
& can be either reversible or irreversible

113
Q

Catalysts living inside of the cell are called

A

enzymes

114
Q

What is insoluble in water, are stored in the liver, & are used for our membrane structure, energy & protection?

A

lipids

115
Q

What are the major roles of lipids?

A

energy
structure
& integral parts of cell membrane

116
Q

amino acids

A

make up proteins

117
Q

What are the building blocks of triglycerides?

A

glycerol

118
Q

What is a type of fatty acid that contains double bonds?

A

Unsaturated fat

a liquid at room temperature

119
Q

Phospholipids are an extremely important component of what? Describe the structure.

A

Phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane

Polar heads that are hydrophilic and non-polar tails that are hydrophobic

120
Q

Name 2 very important steroids to males & females

A

testosterone & estrogen

121
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix; Deoxyribose and phosphate backbone with a nitrogen base attached

122
Q

What forms the ‘backbone’ of DNA?

A

alternating deoxyribose & phosphate units

123
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

forms genetic code inside each cell

genetic code for everything

124
Q

What is RNA composed of?

A

Pentose sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

125
Q

What is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA is single stranded & uses U (uracil) instead of T (Thymine) uses ribose instead of deoxyribose & makes copy of DNA

126
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate often called the energy currency of cells. Can be split to make ADP

127
Q

Head

A

polar region and is attracted to water

128
Q

Tail

A

are non-polar and are repelled by water

129
Q

2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

purines & pyrimidines

130
Q

What are the purines?

A

adenine (A)

guanine (G)

131
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

cytosine (C)

thymine (T)

132
Q

Which purines bind to which pyrimidines?

A

A-T

G-C

A&P (3 decks)

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