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Coms 473 > Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Quiz #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heterosexual matrix?

A
  • This is the dominant Western gender ideology
  • Believes that we have a fixed sex (male or female)
  • Upon which culture builds a stable gender (masculine or feminine)
  • Which determines desires (towards opposite or same sex)
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2
Q

Identities are socially constructed: 3 points

A
  1. Identities are contextual- specific to certain time and place
  2. Identities are socially performed- things we do, not simply who we are
  3. Different identities are produced by certain forms of knowledge (discourse)- science, religion, schooling, family media
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3
Q

Main Scholar associated with early theory of Identity?

A

Louis Althusser

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4
Q

Main Ideas of Louis Althusser

A
  • Emphasized the role of social institutions in reproducing ideology (ISAs)
  • Media, schools, universities
  • People are interpolated into dom ideology via social institutions
  • Nearly impossible to liberate oneself from dom ideology
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5
Q

What is a Ideological State Apparatus? (ISAs)

A

Louis Althusser- the role of social institutions in reproducing ideology

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6
Q

What is a discourse?

A

Whole systems of thought, speech and knowledge production that structure institutional and social practices

  • Discourse produce identity categories as objects of knowledge
  • Knowledge is put into practice at institutions
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7
Q

What is discipline? How does it operate?

A

Individuals internalize the disciplinary regime that dictates compulsory ways of looking and acting
-People internalize discourses about identity and then self-monitor

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8
Q

What is “mind power”?

A

-A form of discipline-It is when discourse is used as a form of discipline that can maintain social order without physically forcing or punishing someone
Ex: classification, normalization and correction
Internalization of subject positions
Discipline and surveillance

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9
Q

What is technologies of the self?

A
  • Relies on individual’s internalization of the disciplinary gaze (surveillance)
  • Social scrutiny
  • Created in response to systems of social power
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10
Q

What is the disciplinary gaze in modern society?

A

Social scrutiny

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11
Q

What are the two types of identity?

A
  1. Personal Identity

2. Collective Identity

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12
Q

What is personal identity?

A

The cultivation of self-hood

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13
Q

What is collective identity? Characteristics?

A

Particular ways of imagining and instituting social groups and group belonging

  • Unitary and homogenous (sameness)
  • Seek to maintain culture (over time)
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14
Q

What is a community?

A

-A social religious, occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct from larger society

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15
Q

How is a community distinguished from collectivities?

A
  • A collectivity is more like a ad hoc group that form for political purposes
  • Ex: black lives matter
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16
Q

Benedict Anderson: What is a nation?

A
  • Benedict Anderson: a nation is an “imagined political community”
  • Members of smallest nation will never know fellow-members
  • Identity is defined through belonging (sameness and difference)
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17
Q

How did Canada create an imagined community?

A
  • Disparate diverse group of people: Used RCMP and CPR as cultural symbols of Canada and broadcasting
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18
Q

How did broadcasting connect Canada?

A
  • Broadcasting broke down regional and other barriers between different communities
  • Broadcasting binded Canada with info
  • Fostered a national spit and interpreted national citizenship
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19
Q

How was popular culture a vehicle for nationalism?

A
  • collection of stories contributed to the creation of a coherent narrative of the world, a national point of view
  • The nation became through new forms of media such as the daily newspaper helped to imagine themselves as part of a whole network of unknown others
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20
Q

Molson Canadian Commercial: National Identity as Difference

A
  • The symbolic diversity, the diverse people do not actually speak, they are spoken for by a generic white male anglophone Canadian
  • Who represents the nation in pop culture?
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21
Q

What are the major critiques of Wikipedia?

A
  • Bias, manipulation based on gender, race LGBTQ+ exclusions
  • Spin (on controversial topics)
  • Gatekeeping practices (neutral POV on notable topics)
  • Reliability of content
22
Q

What are the components of the business of pop culture?

A
  • Technological infrastructure to produce and distribute cultural objects and experiences (ex: Netflix, eating etc)
  • Always a relationship between consumer and producer
  • Preconcieved ideas about the relationship between money and quality of cultural products
23
Q

What is the relationship between economic success and artistic quality?

A
  • The more money, the less artistic
  • Product is deemed more authentic and better before being diluted with economic success
  • Elitist
24
Q

What is a culture industry?

A

-Institutions in our society which employ the characteristic modes of production and organization of industrial corporations to produce and disseminate symbols in the form of commodities

25
Q

What did the Frankfurt School develop?

A

-Institute for social research that developed critical theory based on Marxism and psychoanalysis

26
Q

Describes culture as a ____________

A

Frankfurt school describes culture as a product of institutions

27
Q

Frankfurt School: Culture is something that is:

A
  • mass produced
  • standardized (lacks innovation)
  • commodified (driven by profit, replicates capitalist values)
  • consumers have no control
28
Q

How does the culture industry produce mass deception?

A
  • Produces mass deception by present the illusion of individual freedom through consumer choice while perpetuating inequalities and exploitative conditions (capitalism)
  • Consumer choices are not freedom, but deception from one’s exploitation
29
Q

What are the 3 features of mass culture?

A
  1. Commodification
    - transformation of goods/services into monetary value
  2. Standardization
    - of products and consumer response
    ex: the romantic comedy
  3. Pseudo-individualization
    - belief in one’s own “real” identity
30
Q

What is the illusion and the pursuit of newness?

A
  • Consumer boredom increases demand for new products
  • The culture industry then produces commodities that appear new to appeal to consumers
    (ex: Marvel)
31
Q

What is pseudo-individualization?

A
  • Beliefs in one’s own “real” identity; one’s uniqueness
  • Fuels the belief that consumer choices reflect one’s individuality
  • Disguises the production processes that pre-digest consumer choices for them/us
32
Q

What is the political function of the culture industry?

A
  • Produce capitalist values
  • Create the incentive to buy
  • makes it difficult to see the social limits of life filled with endless degree of consumer choice
33
Q

What is the principles of amusement?

A
  • Amusement prevents us from seeing the “big picture”
  • Not really thinking deeply about anything-especially inequality and suffering
  • “defends society”
  • We do not resist/challenge the status quo
34
Q

Horkheimer and Adorno: Not citizens but ________

A

-Not citizens but cultural dupes, reduces the public to mindless consumers of pop culture, passive and unengaged in civic affairs, not free

35
Q

What are the 3 main critiques of the culture industry thesis?

A
  1. The culture industry thesis is elitist
  2. The culture industry thesis is historically limited
  3. The vision of social life is articulated in the culture industry is totalizing- all consuming
36
Q

How is mass culture dominant?

A
  1. Its ubiquity
    - Certain texts reach large numbers of people, infiltrate popular consciousness
  2. When the ideas values and identities expressed by a pop culture text are consistent with mainstream, dominant culture
37
Q

Basic, Shared Ideas of Subcultures and Countercultures

A
  • Groups that develop their own culture that oppose dominant structures that are seen as limiting, repressive or problematic
  • Aim to create new or different forms of social reality
  • Focus on critiquing mainstream culture itself
38
Q

What relationship does subculture and counter culture have to majority culture?

A

-The minority-majority relationship is generally an antagonistic one

39
Q

How do we distinguish between a subculture and counterculture?

A
  • Subcultures and countercultures are not the same but they have interflow
  • They both refer to groups that deviate from social norms, but the character of antagonism towards mainstream culture can differ
40
Q

Unique Subculture Characteristics

A
  • Express dissatisfaction with constraints of mainstream culture
  • Draw attention to limitations of majority culture
  • Not essentially political
  • Defines itself in opposition to mainstream( we are not that)
  • Exists underground
41
Q

Unique Counterculture Characteristics

A
  • More explicitly politila in aims
  • Drop out of culture
  • Wants to replace the values of majority culture with their own
  • Lifestyle reform
  • Scale is much bigger, and connects different groups of people interested in pursuing another way of structuring and living
42
Q

What is 1960s counterculture?

A
  • Large scale: broadband movement present in Canada, US
  • Fueled by subcultures such as hippies, Beatniks, mods, greasers, biker clubs, anti-war, free love
  • Critique of societal norms: anti-capitalism, anti-consumerism, individualism/ alienation
  • Drop out of mainstream and live according to alternative values system
43
Q

Why was sub/counter cultural resistance theorized?

A
  • France late 1960s as a politically active time
  • Concern over critics over the Americanization of French culture (suburbs, consumer culture, commodity logic)
  • 1968 resulted in protests, occupations, general strikes
44
Q

What is the Situationist International?

A
  • The Situationists were an active, politicized group in Europe that had:
  • Opposition to capitalism
  • Concerned about effects of consumer capitalism on human psyche
  • Everyday life needed to be reclaimed from mass culture
45
Q

What is a spectacle?

A
  • Guy Debora, Society of Spectacle:
  • Examines the “deep impact” of mass media images on society
  • Spectacle refers to the images that bombard us daily: ads, tv, news, blogs etc
46
Q

Debora describes spectacle as a ________-

A

“Social relationship between people that is mediated by images”

47
Q

How did the spectacle function as an instrument of social control?

A
  • Debord’s spectacle: was capitalism’s instrument for pacifying the masses
  • (movies etc)
48
Q

How did Debora suggest we interrupt the flow of spectacle?

A
  1. Derive

2. Detournement

49
Q

What is Derive?

A
  • Means to drift
  • A way of interrupting the spectacle, you explore your city by drifting through it
  • Avoid fixed patterns, take unfamiliar routes
  • De-familiarize your surroundings, so you can think critically about how space is organized
  • Exercise choice
50
Q

What is Detournement?

A
  • Re-routing, hijacking spectacular images to reverse or subvert their meaning, thus reclaiming them
  • Turning expressions of consumer capitalism against itself
    examples: culture jamming, feminist political meme,s punk
51
Q

Hebdige: What is subcultural membership signified by?

A
  • Subcultural membership is often singled by distinctive and symbolic use of style, including fashion, mannerisms and argot (slang)
  • Allows subcultures to symbolically separate themselves from mass culture

Coms 473 (2 decks)

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