Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth Science > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Lithosphere

A

Consists of the crust and upper mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The ductile (flexible) portion of the upper mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lithospheric plates…

A

Move across the asthenosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Postulated the theory of continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(Alfred Wegener)

3 forms of evidence:

A
  1. Continents fit like a puzzle
  2. Similar fossils on different continents
  3. Geological structures
  4. Paleomagnetism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ocean-ocean convergence

A

Oceanic crust –>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Continent-continent convergence

A

Continental crust –>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ocean-continent convergence

A

Oceanic crust –>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ocean-ocean divergent

A
  • builds mid-ocean ridges, new crusts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Continent-continent divergent

A
  • builds ocean basin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transform boundaries

A
  • moderate to massive earthquakes
  • horizontal movement of two plates in opposite directions
    • high friction, high tension
    Ex. San Andreas fault, CA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subduction zone

A

The oceanic crust usually sinks into the mantle beneath lighter continental crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does oceanic crust subduct under continental crust?

A

Oceanic crust weighs more and is denser than continental crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Doctrine of Uniformitarianism

A
  • gaps in geologic record
    A. Disconformity
    B. Angular unconformity
    C. Nonconformity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Principle of Horizontality

A 
|   |   |   |   |
   v  v  v  v  v
3 limestone  |
2                    | sequence of events
1 sandstone V
Undisturbed layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Law of Superposition

A

Rank of age of the rock layers from oldest to youngest
1>2>3
Oldest–>youngest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principle of Inclusions

A

Inclusions: physical evidence in the disturbed rock layer
Ex. Of disturbance includes erosion, uplifting by subterranean forces, folding, faulting, etc…
REMEMBER- Inclusions are older than the rock that contains them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Principle of cross-cutting relationships

A

Bottom line - when an intrusion or fault cuts them an existing feature, it is the youngest event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Principle of fossil succession

A

If we know the kind of fossil, preserved in the rock layers, the relative age of the rock can be determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Absolute dating

A

Numerical age - use radiometric dating technique

• half life: the amount of the time it takes for half the parent radioactive element to decay to a daughter period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between two successive crests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Wave period

A

Time between two successive crests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Wave crest

A

Highest point of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wave trough

A

Lowest point on a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Wave height

A

Total distance from crest to trough

26
Q

Surface waves

A

Result from wind blowing across the surface of the ocean waves can be characterized as deep and shallow water waves

27
Q

Wave breaks/breaking waves

A

D < 1/20 L

28
Q

Velocity

A

V = L/T

29
Q

No wave motion

A

D > 1/2 L

30
Q

Wave feel bottom

A

D = 1/2 L

31
Q

How high, long, and period of the waves depend on:

A
  • wind velocity (speed)
  • how long the wind has been blowing over a given area (duration)
  • fetch
32
Q

Fetch

A

The distance over which the wind blows

33
Q

Low scale currents are driven by…

A

Waves and tides

34
Q

Spit

A

Elongated finger of sand generated by a long shore current

35
Q

Sea stack

A

An isolated erosional remnant of landmass, waves cut it, so now it is a stand alone feature

36
Q

Tombolo

A

Ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland, forms the same processes as a spit

37
Q

Estuary

A
  • A flooded river valley
  • forms due to a rise in sea level or land subsidence (sinking land)
    Ex. Chesapeake Bay
38
Q

What are the 2 types of coast?

A

Emergent and submergent

39
Q

Emergent coast

A

Result from rising land or falling sea level

40
Q

Submergent coast

A

Result from subsiding land or rising sea level

41
Q

Tides

A

Cyclical rise and fall of sea level due to gravitational attraction of the Earth to the moon and the sun

42
Q

What are the 3 types of tides?

A
  1. Diurnal
  2. Semi-diurnal
  3. Mixed
43
Q

Diurnal tides

A

1 high, 1 low tides per tidal day (24 hours)

44
Q

Semi-diurnal tides

A

2 high, 2 low tides of equal water heights per tidal day

45
Q

Mixed tides

A

2 high, 2 low tides of unequal water heights per tidal day

46
Q

Neaptide

A

High tide is not very high

Low tide is not very low

47
Q

Spring tide

A

High tide is very high

Low tide is very low

48
Q

Weather

A

Short term variation of Earth’s atmosphere (think MOOD)

49
Q

Climate

A

Long term variation in how Earth’s atmosphere behaves (think PERSONALITY)

50
Q

The greenhouse effect

A

Hv20, COv2, CHv4, NOv2

Sun radiation travels through space to Earth

51
Q

What are the 4 types of natural climate change?

A
  1. Tectonic-scale
  2. Orbital-scale
  3. Millennial-scale
  4. Centennial/decadal-scale
52
Q

Tectonic-scale climate change

A

Balance between COv2 removed from atmosphere and COv2 returned to atmosphere
Sources: volcanoes, spreading ridges, respiration, etc.

53
Q

Orbital-scale climate change

A

“Milankovitch Cycles”

Precession: 23,000 years, Earth’s axis spins like a top (meaning begs will be our North Star in 13,000 years)

54
Q

Millennial-scale climate change

A

Abrupt events occur due to changes in “thermohaline circulation”
Responsible for heat distribution from equator to poles
Ex. The last deglaciation

55
Q

Centennial/decadal-scale climate change

A

“It must be the sun!”

  • sunspot activity changes sun’s brightness, operates on 11-year cycle (0.1% dimness)
  • little ice age (1300-1870) thought to have been caused by “maunder minimum”
  • solar activity only accounts for 0.1°C temp rise in the last 130 yrs
56
Q

Ocean acidification

A

The “other” COv2 problems

57
Q

Sea level rise/melting ice caps

A

Loss of habitat; potential political problems

58
Q

Shifting wind belts

A

Alters biome distributions on the face of the planet leads to massive species migration

59
Q

Agriculture

A

Intensification of water cycle makes wet places wetter (floods) and arid places drier (droughts)

60
Q

Stronger storms

A

If the water cycle is intensifying, then storm intensification may follow (still hotly debated)

61
Q

Human civilization

A

80% of human population lives within 60 miles of coast

Humanity grew up in “Ice House” world; do not know how to recognize to a different climate regime

Earth Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions