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Repro Phys > Quiz 4 (Female Anatomy) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (Female Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Follicle stages in ovary

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, antral follicle, preovulatory follicle, ovulated oocyte, developing Cl, Cl, degenerating Cl (corpus albicans)

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2
Q

Female reproductive tract functions

A

Female gamete maturation, sexual behavior, fertilization, pregnancy

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3
Q

Cortex location and function (cattle)

A

Cortex is outside the ovary and follicles growth happens here

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4
Q

Medulla location and function (cattle)

A

Inside the ovary, has blood vessels and nerve supplies

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5
Q

Cortex location and function (mare)

A

Inside the ovary, follicles grow inside the ovary

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6
Q

Medulla location (mare)

A

Outside the ovary

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7
Q

Ovarian fossa

A

Only place where ovulation can happen in mares

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8
Q

Oocyte

A

Very center of an ovarian follicle

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9
Q

cumulus granulosa cells

A

Layer of cells immediate surrounding the oocyte

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10
Q

Mural granulosa cells

A

layer of cells surrounding the antrum

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11
Q

Internal theca layer

A

layer of cells surrounding the basement membrane of the follicle- secrete testosterone

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12
Q

Externa theca layer

A

layer of smooth muscle surrounding the theca internal

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13
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid filled cavity

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14
Q

First layer of cumulus cells is called

A

corona radiata

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15
Q

structure that connects the oocyte to the follicular wall

A

Cumulus oophorus

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16
Q

glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte- attached

A

zone pellucida

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17
Q

Primordial follicle characteristics

A

Surrounded by one flat layer of granulosa cells

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18
Q

Primary follicle characteristics

A

Surrounded by one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

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19
Q

Secondary follicle characteristics

A

Has more than two layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, theca cells start to form

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20
Q

Tertiary follicle (antral)

A

Antrum starts to form, both theca cell types form

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21
Q

Graafian follicle (antral)

A

cumulus oophorus forms, antrum is large

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22
Q

Primordial follicle formation steps

A

primordial germ cell, germline cyst (nest) primordial follicle

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23
Q

Genes needed to form germline cysts

A

Notch signaling, NOBOX, and Figla

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24
Q

Two genes needed to form primary follicles

A

Fox12 and NOBOX

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25
Q

three genes needed to form secondary follicles

A

GDF9, Kitl, Kit

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26
Q

GDF9 (growth differentiation factor)

A

Important for growth of granulosa cells

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27
Q

Two genes needed to form antral follicles

A

Fsh + FSHr and Inha

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28
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence or cessation of the menstrual cycle

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29
Q

Anovulatory estrus

A

Expression of estrus without ovulation.

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30
Q

Apoptosis

A

– Programmed cell death as occurs during luteolysis.

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31
Q

Anestrus

A

Absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding
seasons

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32
Q

Atresia

A

– Degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries.

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33
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

located on each side of the urethral orifice; they secrete a lubricating mucus into the
vestibule.

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34
Q

Cervical os

A

Opening of the cervix

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35
Q

Contralateral

A
  • Refers to being on the opposite side.
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36
Q

Cyst

A

– A vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance.

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37
Q

Dilate

A

To distend; widen beyond normal limits.

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38
Q

Edema

A

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of
the body

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39
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the
lumen, the glandular layer, and connective tissue

40
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The estrous cycle is characterized by a defined period of sexual receptivity
(estrus) and the length of the cycle in nonpregnant cattle is determined by the interval from one
estrus to the next (mean = 21 days; range = 18 to 24 days)

41
Q

Estrus

A

the period of sexual receptivity during an estrous cycle (standing heat) when a heifer
or cow will stand to be mounted (normally 12 to 18 hr; range < 8hr to > 30 hr).

42
Q

Hyperemia

A

Excess of blood in any part the body; congestion of blood.

43
Q

Hypertrophy

A

– Excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue, as from unusual stimulation.

44
Q

Hyperplasia

A

– an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

45
Q

Ipsilateral

A

– Refers to being on the same side.

46
Q

Luteolysis

A

– The process of corpus luteum regression and death.

47
Q

Menstruation

A

regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of
a nonpregnant menstrual cycle

48
Q

Myometrium

A

The muscular substance of the uterus consisting of three layers, internal circular
layer, external longitudinal layer and separating these, the vascular layer

49
Q

Necrosis

A

Form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue

50
Q

Oogenesis

A

The cell divisions, including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female
pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization

51
Q

Ostium

A

– Opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct.

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of micro-organisms, cells or foreign particles by certain cells

53
Q

Polyploidy

A

The state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in
each somatic cell

54
Q

Portal system

A

Set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs

55
Q

Progestational

A

Phase of estrous cycle (or menstrual cycle) when the corpus lutem is active,
and the endometrium is under the influence or progesterone (same as luteal phase)

56
Q

Puberty

A

refers to a developmental process during which a species attains the ability to
reproduce

57
Q

Silent ovulation

A

– Ovulation without behavioral estrus.

58
Q

Stigma

A

– The site of follicular rupture on the Graafian follicle wall at ovulation.

59
Q

Stroma –

A

The tissue that makes up framework, ground substance or matrix of an organ.

60
Q

Unilateral

A

– Refers to being on the same side.

61
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina

62
Q

Vitellus

A

Cytoplasm of an oocyte

63
Q

Vitelline membrane

A

The plasma membrane of the oocyte.

64
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

A thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte.

65
Q

Hormones needed for secondary follicles to become antral

A

FSH and LH

66
Q

Removing FSH effect

A

No antral follicles

67
Q

Two genes needed for tertiary growth to preovulatory follicle

A

ESR 1 and 2, Gja4

68
Q

Trans zonal projections

A

Cross into the zona pellucida

69
Q

Gap junctions connect what

A

Cytoplasm of the granulosa cells and the developing oocyte (nourishment)

70
Q

Bidirectional communication

A

cells are secreting factors the other cell needs- important for follicular growth

71
Q

Oocyte to cumulus cells

A

secretes GDF9

72
Q

Cumulus cells to oocytes

A

Kit ligand

73
Q

Granulosa cells and oocytes are connected through

A

gap junctions

74
Q

G. cells and oocytes also communicate through

A

Paracrine secretions

75
Q

Role of the oocyte in follicle growth

A

Secretes GDF9, affects granulosa cell differentiation, affects energy and metabolic functions, increases follicle cell growth, produces protiens for zona pellucida formation

76
Q

Atresia

A

Programmed cell death

77
Q

Steps to estrogen production

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland (LH and FSH), theca cell (LH, makes testosterone), granulosa cell (FSh, uses aromatase to make estrogen)

78
Q

Gonadotropin independent

A

Initial development occurs independent of gonadotropins (primordial to secondary follicles)

79
Q

Gonadotrophin responsive

A

follicles can respond to gonadotrophins but it is not required for growth (secondary follicle)

80
Q

gonadotrophin dependent

A

follicles need them to grow towards ovulation (antral follicles)

81
Q

Two stages of follicular recruitment

A

Initial and cyclic

82
Q

Cl stays on ovary from days

A

7-17

83
Q

While Cl is on ovary _ is the most dominant hormone

A

Progesterone

84
Q

Atresia allows for

A

Another surge of LH

85
Q

cyclic recruitment

A

small antral follicles initiate growth following release from the inhibition of the previously dominate follicle and in increases of FSH, selected for continued growth or go through atresia

86
Q

Selection stage

A

concentrations f FSH have been decreased in response to negative feedback of estradiol and inhibin from the small follicles (now LH dependent)

87
Q

Dominance stage

A

dominant follicle secretess estradiol and inhibin which keeps FSH low, low FSH prevents another wave recruitment

88
Q

What keeps oocytes arrested

A

High levels of cAMP

89
Q

How is cAMP level kept so high?

A

cAMP production, cAMP from granulosa cells, cGMP from granulosa cells inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme

90
Q

Stage where egg can be fertilized

A

Metaphase II- first polar body

91
Q

What happens at Metaphase II

A

Oocytes are arrested here until fertilization- then go through meiosis II

92
Q

Nuclear maturation

A

Germinal vesicle breakdown, metaphase I, anaphase and telophase I, Metaphase II

93
Q

How is metaphase II arrest broken

A

A Ca2+ rise initiated by the fertilizing sperm

94
Q

Three theories of ovulation

A

Increase in pressure, smooth muscle contractions, thinning of collagenous wall layer

95
Q

How does the oocyte separate from the follicular wall

A

LH causes cumulus expansion (disperses cells around the oocyte)

96
Q

Regulators of ovulation

A

LH, prostaglandins, progesterone, EGF, oocyte

97
Q

What does ovulation always start with

A

An LH surge

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