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Repro Phys > Quiz 5 Fertilization and embryo development > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Fertilization and embryo development Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

At or towards the head of the body; opposed to posterior

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2
Q

Blastocoele

A

Fluid-filled cavity within a blastocyst.

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3
Q

Blastocyst

A

Term for an early embryo after formation of a blastocoele

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4
Q

Capacitation of sperm –

A

spermatozoa gain the capacity to fertilize an oocyte

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5
Q

Cloning

A

– The process of producing genetically identical animals.

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6
Q

Conceptus

A

The whole product of conception throughout gestation; includes the embryo (or
fetus) and placental fluids and membranes

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7
Q

Differentiation

A

The acquisition of individual characteristics by the cells and tissues of an
embryo

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Having two sets of chromosomes (2 N).

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9
Q

Distal

A

– Remote, as opposed to close or proximal.

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10
Q

Embryo

A

A young organism in the early stages of development; includes stages from a 2-cell
embryo until morphogenesis is completed

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11
Q

Embryology

A

The science of the development of the embryo; the features and phenomena
exhibited during the formation and development of an embryo

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12
Q

Ectoderm

A

– the outermost layer of cells in an embryo.

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13
Q

Endoderm

A

– the innermost layer of cells in an embryo.

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14
Q

Fetus

A

The young of an animal in the uterus, from time of complete tissue differentiation until
birth

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15
Q

Gastrula

A

An early stage of embryonic development in which the embryo consists of three
distinct germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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16
Q

Gastrulation

A

– Process by which a gastrula is formed.

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17
Q

Haploid

A

– Having a single set of chromosomes (1 N), as in the mature gametes.

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18
Q

Intromission

A

– insertion of the penis into the vagina.

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19
Q

In vitro

A

That which takes place outside the living body.

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20
Q

In vivo

A

That which takes place within the living body.

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21
Q

Mesoderm

A

– the middle layer of cells in an embryo.

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22
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

The embryonic development of an ovum without fertilization by sperm.

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23
Q

Posterior

A
  • Caudal, at or towards the hind end of the body.
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24
Q

Proximal

A

– Close as opposed to remote (distal).

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25
Q

Somatic

A

Referring to body tissues; having two sets of chromosomes.

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26
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A

A method of cloning in which a diploid cell (somatic
cell) donates nucleus to an oocyte from which the chromosomes have been removed
(enucleation). The donated nucleus is “reprogrammed” by the cytoplasm of the oocyte and
embryonic development is initiated

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27
Q

Superfetation

A

Simultaneous development of two sets of fetuses, of different ages, in the
uterus

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28
Q

Syngamy

A

The union of the male and female pronuclei within the vitellus (cytoplasm) of the
fertilized oocyte

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29
Q

Teratology

A

The science concerned with abnormal development and congenital malformations.

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30
Q

Totipotency

A

– the ability of a single cell to develop into a complete organism.

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31
Q

Trophoblast

A

– The outer cell layer of the blastocyst that will subsequently form the chorion.

32
Q

Zygote

A

The cell produced by the union of sperm and ovum at fertilization.

33
Q

What does the CL secrete

A

Progesterone

34
Q

Long lived CL

A

Months, dogs

35
Q

Short lived CL

A

11 days, cows

36
Q

Ultrashort lived

A

One day (rodents), induced ovulation (bears)

37
Q

CL formation

A

hypertrophy of granulosa and theca cells, folding of follicular wall, angiogenesis, luteinization

38
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of blood vessels

39
Q

Granulosa cells become _ and theca cells become _

A

Large luteal cells, small luteal cells

40
Q

3 Types of CL

A

Corpus hemmorhagacium, corpus luteum, Corpus albicans

41
Q

CL function

A

Secretes progesterone, maintains the pregnancy, stimulates mammary development, controls the ovarian cycle

42
Q

Where does PG come from in relation to the CL

A

The same uterine horn tha tthe Cl is on

43
Q

PG moves _ , not through circulation

A

Locally

44
Q

Menstruation follicular phase

A

Menses and proliferative

45
Q

Menses

A

Sloughing of the endometrium (5 days)

46
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Regeneration of the lining (9 days), ovulation happens right after this

47
Q

Luteal phase

A

14 days, CL forms here

48
Q

Day of ovulation in humans

A

Day 14

49
Q

Secretory phase function

A

Secrete lots of hormones

50
Q

What layer is sloughed

A

Functional layer

51
Q

What layer regenerates endometrium

A

Basal layer

52
Q

What structure forms in the luteal phase

A

CL

53
Q

What secretes inhibin hormone and estrogen

A

CL

54
Q

Contrast estrous cycle vs menstrual cycle

A

See chart

55
Q

Where does fertilization happen

A

The ampullary isthmus junction

56
Q

Stages of sperm transport

A

Rapid transport, colonization of sperm reservoirs, Slow release and transport

57
Q

Site of ejaculation in cow

A

Vagina

58
Q

3 barriers to sperm

A

Cervical mucus, endometrial glands, uterotubal junction

59
Q

2 reservoirs for sperm

A

Cervical crypts and Isthmus

60
Q

Transport in the cervix

A

Dilation of cervical os at estrus, cervical crypts, favorable environment, filters immotile sperm

61
Q

Immediate transport

A

Retrograde loss, phagocytosis

62
Q

Cervix

A

Privileged pathways, removal of non motile sperm

63
Q

Capacitation- what and where is it

A

Hypermotility of sperm, starts in uterus ends in oviduct

64
Q

Where does the egg travel for fertilization

A

Infundibulum to the ampulla

65
Q

What moves the egg towards the isthmus

A

Fluid secretion, smooth muscle layer, and cilia

66
Q

What does the acrosomal cap do

A

Helps penetrate cell layers to reach the oocyte

67
Q

Important events of fertilization

A

Capacitation, sperm penetrates cumulus cells, attaches to zona pellucida, penetrates zona pellucida, fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes

68
Q

Surface molecules

A

Formed from proteins and act as a coat to prevent hypermotility (another layer added at seminal plasma)

69
Q

All coatings removed on sperm important for two things

A

Hypermotility, exposing receptors

70
Q

Un capacitated sperm vs capacitated sperm

A

Un capacitated sperm can only bind to the isthmus wall, capacitated sperm can leave to the oviduct

71
Q

ZP-3

A

Zona protein that binds to a receptor on the sperm plasma membrane and induces acrosome reaction

72
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Allows release of acrosomal enzymes and motility- helps sperm move

73
Q

What protein binds with what for fertilization

A

Juno binds with Izumo (allows sperm to penetrate vitelline membrane)

74
Q

Block to polyspermy

A

Zona reaction and vitelline block - happens through cortical reaction

75
Q

What stimulates cortical granules

A

Ca2+ - degenerates receptors

Repro Phys (11 decks)

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