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Biochemistry > Quiz Five > Flashcards

Quiz Five Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A 
Energy storage
Insulation from environment
Water repellent
Membrane structure
Cofactors for enzymes
Signaling molecules
Pigments
Antioxidants
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2
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

No double bonds between carbons in one chain

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3
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

One or more double bonds present within the fatty acid chain

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4
Q

What happens to the melting point and solubility as the carbon chain length increases?

A

Solubility decreases - Becomes more hydrophobic as it gets longer
Melting point increases - Gains more london dispersion forces for stabilization as the chain gets longer

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5
Q

Which has a higher melting point? Saturated or unsaturated?

A

Chain of saturated fatty acids has a higher melting point due to no kinks, more bonding happens

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6
Q

Which has a higher melting point? Trans or cis fatty acicds?

A

Trans fatty acids, the kink disrupts the bonding in trans less than it does with cis

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7
Q

What is the primary storage form of lipids in the body?

A

Triacyglycerols

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8
Q

Why are lipids a better source of energy than carbohydrates?

A

When making ATP, oxygen needs to be added, carbs already have such a high oxygen level that not as much Oxygen can be added to the molecule
They are more reduced

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9
Q

What carbon are unsaturated fatty acids typically connected to?

A

Carbon two

This happens because it has room to move due to the head group

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10
Q

What is the major component of most major eukaryotic cell membranes?

A

Phosphatidylcholine

Most prokaryotes can not synthesize this lipid

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11
Q

What is the function of the ether lipid plasmalogen?

A

Common in vertebrate heart tissue

Thought to protect from free radicals

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12
Q

What is the function of the ether lipid Platelet-activating factor?

A

Stimulates aggregation of blood platelets
Aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine
Mediates inflammation

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13
Q

What is the backbone of sphingolipids?

A

Sphingosine

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14
Q

What joins fatty acids to sphingosine?

A

Amino bond

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15
Q

What joins polar head groups to sphingosine?

A

Glycosidic or phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

Where is sphingomyelin found?

A

Myelin sheaths that surround some nerve cells in animals

17
Q

What is distinguishable to a steroid nucleus?

A

Four fused rings

18
Q

What are the functions of cholesterol and related sterols?

A

Modulate fluidity and permeability
Thicken the plasma membrane
Most bacteria lack sterols

19
Q

Where is cholesterol made in mammals?

A

The liver

20
Q

What makes steroids more polar than cholesterol?

A

They lack the alkyl chain

21
Q

What is required to make vitamin D?

A

UV radiation

22
Q

What is the function of paracrine lipids?

A

Signaling between nearby cells

23
Q

What are the functions of arachidonic acid?

A

Inflammation
Formation of blood clots
Smooth muscle contraction in lungs
Smooth muscle contraction in uterus

24
Q

What are membranes?

A

Complex lipid-based structures that form pliable sheets

Composed of a variety of lipids and proteins

25
Q

What are micells?

A

Single layer of lipids

26
Q

What are the functions of membranes?

A 
Allow import and export
Protects internal components of cell
Sense external signals and transmit information into the cell
Produce and transmit nerve signals
Compartmentalization
27
Q

What drives the formation of membranes?

A

Hydrophobic effect and slightly london-dispersion forces

28
Q

What effect does sterol have when it is located within the membrane?

A

Increases rigidity and decreases BP

Makes it harder for proteins to move

29
Q

What role does phosphotidylserine play?

A

Normally an internal membrane lipid, when a cell is programmed for death it moves to the outside to signal for apocytosis

30
Q

What is the gel state of the membrane?

A

Paracrystalline state

Individual molecules do not move around

31
Q

What is the fluid state of the membrane?

A

Produced when heat levels are higher

Individuals can move around

32
Q

How can the fluid state be stabilized?

A

Cholesterol can be added

Saturated fats can also be added

33
Q

What is membrane fluidity the ratio of?

A

Ration of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids

34
Q

What are the three enzymes that can work with transverse diffusion?

A

Flippase - moves from outer to inner
Floppase - Moves from inner to outer
Scramblase - moves lipids in both directions

35
Q

Why are single beta sheets not possible in transmembrane proteins?

A

A hydrophilic area will be exposed to the hydrophobic area, they can form beta barrells instead

36
Q

What is the transmembrane domain indentification tool?

A

Sequence looked at in chunks and placed in water, free energy is measured, if free energy is positive then the portion represents a transmembrane region

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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