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Phytomedicinal Agents > QUIz2 > Flashcards

QUIz2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gingko
Plant Source?
Synonyms
Origins

A
  • Gingko Biloba (ginkgoaceacea)
  • Maidenhair tree, Fossil tree
  • Indigenous to China, Japan, and Korea, and also found in Europe and US
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2
Q

What are the medical parts of gingko?
What are the characteristics?
Constituents?

A

The medical parts are the fresh or dried leaves and the seeds separated from their fleshy outer layer.

  • The seeds smell like butyric, valeric, or capric acid when ripe
  • A complex and unique chemistry that gives it remarkable resistance to pests, disease and adversity. Active constituents include, flavonoids and terpene lactones
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3
Q

What are the flavonoids derived from in gingko?

A

Rutin- Include isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol

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4
Q

Gingkolides ,,, and ____ are some of the important ___ in gingko

A

A,B,C, J and Bilobalide

terpene lactones in gingko

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5
Q

EGb-761 Gingko

A

50:1 ratio, 24% gingko flavonol

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6
Q

Anti-PAF effects of gingko

What gingkolide blocks it?

A

Ginkgolide B has potent platelet activating factor receptor antagonist properties. PAF is important for the induction of platelets aggregations and as an inflammatory aurocoid
B

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7
Q

Metabolic effect of gingko?

A

Antioxidant? radical scavenging properties observed with the flavonoid fraction and some of the terpenes

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8
Q

Indications for GIngko?

A

Symptomatic relief of organic brain
dysfunction, intermittent claudication (a vascular
disease), vertigo (of vascular origin), tinnitus (of
vascular origin).

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9
Q

Contraindications for Gingko

A

The drug is contraindicated
with patients known to be hypersensitive to
Ginkgo biloba preparations and/or those on anticoagulant
drugs.

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10
Q 
Garlic
Plant source 
Synonyms 
Origin
Description
A
  • Alium sativum
  • poor mans reacle, clove garlic, common garlic, allium, stinking rose
  • Central and Southern Asia
  • The medical parts are the whole fresh bulb, the dried bulb, and the oil of garlic
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11
Q

Garlic constituents?

A

Disrupting freshly harvested bulbs,
as in cutting, chewing or crushing, causes alliin (Sallyl-L-cysteine
sulfoxide) to come into contact
with allinase, which cleaves alliin to allyl sulfenic
acid, two molecules of which can then combine to
form allicin (diallyldisulfide-mono-S-oxide). Allicin is the major flavor component

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12
Q

Effects of garlic?

A

Allicin has considerable antifungal and
antibacterial properties. Further, lipid-lowering
and anti-oxidative activity as well as platelet
aggregation inhibition has been reported.

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13
Q

Garlic indications

A

Arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and

hypercholesterolemia

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14
Q

Preparations of garlic

A

Garlic preparations include steam
distilled oils, macerations in vegetable oils, dried
powders and gel suspensions of the powder.

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15
Q

Garlic Contraindications

A

May interfere with hypoglycemic
& anticoagulant therapies. Can potentiate
antithrombotic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, and
is likely to be synergistic with EPA in fish oils. GI
irritation may occur particularly if eaten raw.

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16
Q

Bad breath & perspiration odors:

A

Odor issues arise
from derivatives such as allylmethyl sulfide/disulfide,
diallyl sulfide/disulfide and 2-propenethiol.

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17
Q

St. Johns wort
Plant
Synonyms
Origin

A
  • Hypericum perforatum
  • Hardhay, AMber, goatweed, kilamath weed, tipton weed, st johns word, St. johnswort
  • Us and Canada
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18
Q

St. Johns wort constituents

A 
Anthracene
derivatives favoring
naphthodianthrones,
especially hypericin &
pseudohypericin
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19
Q

St. Johns wort constituents

A

Flavonoids; in particular
hyperoside, quercitrin,
isoquercitrin, & rutin

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20
Q

St. Johns wort constituents

A 
Xanthones;1,3,6,7-
tetrahydroxyxanthone
Acylphloroglucinols:
hyperforin with small
quantities of
ashyperforin
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21
Q

St. Johns wort constituents

A 
Volatile oil: chief components are 1) aliphatic
hydrocarbons (including, among others,
undecane, dodecanol) and 2), mono and
sesquiterpenes such as α-pinene,
caryophyllene and 2-methylbut-3-en-2-ol.
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22
Q

St. Johns preparations

A 
To prepare
an infusion, use 2
teaspoonfuls of herb in 150
mL boiling water and steep
for 10 minutes (different
recommendations exist for
different symptoms). Dried
extracts standardized to
hyperforin are available
(previously, such extracts
were standardized to
hypericin).
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23
Q

St. Johns wort indications

A

Symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate
depression, anxiety, inflammation of the skin, blunt
injuries, wounds and burns.

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24
Q

St. Johns Contraindications

A

St. John’s Wort exhibits weak
monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) properties that may
add to the effects of other MAOI’s, increasing the risk of
a hypertensive crisis. Additionally, drug interactions can
result from induction or inhibition of CYP3A4; which
decreases or increases blood levels of specific drugs
(CYP3A4 exhibits wide substrate specificity, an
estimated 40-50% of drugs are metabolized to some
degree by this enzyme).

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25
Q

St. Johns wort dose

A

350-900 mg of a dried 60 % ethanol or 80 %

methanol extract now standardized to hyperforin.

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26
Q

Korean Ginseng
Source
Synonyms
Origin

A

Panax ginseng

  • Korean Ginseng, panax
  • Native to forests of eastern asia, cultivated in china, Japan, Korea and USSR. Imported from korea, china, japn
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27
Q

American Ginseng
Source
Synonyms
Origin

A
  • Panax quinquefolius
  • American ginseng
  • Canada from quibec to manitoba and US ( from canada border)
28
Q

P. ginseng

Constituents

A 
Ginsenosides (triterpene
saponins), such as
ginsenosides Rg1, Rc,
Rd, Rb1, & Rb2 (over 25
isolated) have been
found to be the most
active constituents.
29
Q

Both ginseng constituents

A

essential oil
(limonene,
terpineol, citral,
polyacetylenes

30
Q

Korean Ginseng Indications and Preparations

A

Used for thousands of years as a
tonic (enhancer of mental and physical
performance) and aphrodisiac. Also employed as
an immune stimulant.

31
Q

Korean Ginseng Preparations

A

Boiling water is poured over 3 g of
the finely chopped root, covered and allowed to
draw for 5-10 min, and then strained. 1-3X daily
for 3-4 weeks. Also available in 3 g instant tea
bags. Standardized extracts typically contain 4 %
ginsenosides.

32
Q

SE of Korean Ginseng

A

Rare. High doses or use over long
time include sleeplessness, nervousness, diarrhea
(in the mornings), menopausal bleeding and
hypertony.

33
Q

DIs with Korean Ginseng

A

Reports of phenelzine and
ginseng interaction One case reported decreased
efficacy of warfarin. Mechanisms unknown

34
Q

Echinacea (Echinacea pupurea, E.Pallida, E angustifolia)
Source
Synonyms
Origin

A
  • Echinacea pupurea (fresh or drited abouve ground parts harvested at blooming)
  • E pallida- (fresh or dried roots)
  • E- Angustifolia (fresh or dried roots)
  • Purple Coneflower
  • Black sampson
    Middle or eastern US, and Cultivated in Europe
35
Q

Pharmacological effect of Echinacea

A 
{ Immune modulation;
effect is controversial
{ Anti-inflammatory effects
{ Active constituents are not completely
known, but cichoric acid, various alkamides,
and polysaccharides (e.g. echinacoside) are
noted as having immune-modulating effects.
{ Commercial formulations are not
standardized for any particular constituent.
36
Q

Lipophilic constituents of Echinacea

A 
§ Flavonoids
§ Alkylamides
§ Caffeoyl conjugates (Caffeic acid
derivatives such as cichoric acid)
§ Polyalkyne & polyalkenes
37
Q

Water soluble constituents in Echinacea

A

Polysaccharides (echinacoside)

38
Q

Indications for Echinacea

A 
Common cold, cough/
bronchitis, fevers & colds, UTIs,
inflammation of the mouth & pharynx,
tendency to infection, wounds &
burns.
39
Q

Prep for Echinacea

A

Pressed juice is
prepared and is stabilized with 22%
alcohol. Other complicated methods
are also used.

40
Q

Adulterations with?

Echinacea

A

With Parthenium

integrifolium.

41
Q

Contraindications with Echinacea

A 
Because of possible
autoimmune activation and other
overactive immune responses, the herb
should not be used in the presence of
multiple sclerosis, leukosis, collagen
disease, AIDS, or tuberculosis.
42
Q

SEs with Echinacea?

Interactions?

A 
Lyophilized expressed juice
from E. purpurea has been demonstrated
to be non-toxic in rats and mice at doses
far in excess of those used in human
therapy. 
NONE
43
Q

Saw palmetto
Source
Synonyms
origin

A
  • Serenoa repens
  • Saw palmetto
    Northern and Central europe and North America
44
Q

Saw Plametto constituents?

A 
\: The
active constituents
are not well defined.
The berry contains
fatty acids
(principally lauric
acid & ethyl laurate
ester) with
phytosterols (e.g. β-
sitosterol) &
polysaccharides.
45
Q

5 a Reductase acts on what to form?

This has potent?

A
  • Acts on testosterone to form DHT dihydrotestosterone
  • DHT has potent androgenic effects in several tissues, appears responsible for androgenic effects in the prostate (hypertrophy) and scalp alopecia
46
Q

5a reductase inhibitor
Finasteride
Dustateride is another

A
  • Selective and competitive inhibition of 5a-reductase decreases the level of DHT
  • this is used to treat BPH
47
Q

Saw palmetto indications and preparations

A
  • BPH
  • Three extracts; n-hexane, 90
    % ethanol, and supercritical CO2;
    standardized to contain 70-95 % free fatty
    acids, esters and sterols.
48
Q

Saw Palmetto, Adulterations, Contraindications, SEs, Dosage

A
  • None,
  • None
  • Few
    320 mg daily after prostate screening
49
Q

Milk Thistle
Source
Synonyms
Origin

A
  • Silybum Marianum
  • Marian thistle mediteranean milk thistle, St. Mary Thistle
  • Native in southern europe, russia, asia, minor and North africa
50
Q

Milk thistle constituents

A

Silymarin [a mixture of various
flavolignans (flavanone derivatives) present only in
the fruit]. Silymarin contains silybin (major
constituent) as well as silychristin & silydainin

51
Q

Indications for milk thistle

A

Dyspeptic comaplaints, liver and gallbladder complaints

52
Q

Preparations of Milk Thistle

A 
Preparation of tea is not
recommended as the
active compounds are
water insoluble.
Commercial preparations
with a standardized
silymarin content are
preferable.
53
Q

Dosage of Milk Thistle?

A

200-400 mg of silymarin

54
Q

Green Tea

Source Synonyms

A

Camellia sinesis

Unfermented Tea

55
Q

Green Tea description

A

Green tea is prepared from the steamed and dried fresh leaves of Camelia sinensis

56
Q

Green tea is the?

Best quality is made from?

A
  • Most widely consumed beverage in the world other than water
  • is made from the young shoots or flushes (the first two or 3 leaves plus the growing bud) of the plant
57
Q

Green tea constituents

A 
Methylxanthines, (Caffiene, theophylline, theobromine) (3.5-4.0%)
n Polyphenols (Catechin C, Gallocatechin (GC) (35-40%)
58
Q

Green tea

A 
Green tea is nonfermented
compared to
black and oolong teas,
which are produced by
fermentation wherein the
polyphenols in green tea
are transformed into
other compounds.
59
Q

Caffiene level in green tea is?

A

Relatively low compared with caffiene- containing plants

60
Q

Green tea prep

A 
A cup of
boiling water is poured
over a teaspoonful of tea,
covered and allowed to
draw for 2-5 min
61
Q

Uses for green tea?

A

As stimulating beverage in asian countries
For chemopreventative purposes
- Artherosclerosis, HTN, Hypercholesterolemia, Prevention of dental caries

62
Q

Actions of green tea

A 
Antioxidant
n Anticarcinogenic
n Antimutagenic
n UV-protective
n Anticariogenic
n Antibacterial
n Antiviral
n Immune response stimulator
n Anticholesterolemic
n Diuretic
n Stimulant
n Stringent
n Inhibits platelet aggregation
63
Q

SEs of Green Tea

A

High doses can cause insomnia and restlessness

64
Q

First Example of a Botanical Drugs Approved by the FDA

A

Veregen, topical to treat genital warts
extract of green tea leaves and consists of a mixture of various catechins, gallic acids, caffiene, theophylline not a pure compound

65
Q

Why should ethnobotanists focus so much attention of indigenous peoples

A

1) The relationships between plants and people are often clearer in indigenous societies
2) Indigenous cultures sometimes represent living analogues of the prehistorical stages of Western Civilization
3) Indigenous cultures retain much knowledge concerning plants the Western people have lost.
4) Indigenous peoples are stewards of some of the most sensitive ecosystems on this planet.
5) In today’s global economy, indigenous peoples are vulnerable to rapid economic and cultural change.

66
Q

Kansas and the region have a rich plant diversity

A

1) Over 2100 native species of plants
2) Over 120 native prairie species have been used by food
3) Over 220 species were used for medicines by native americans

Phytomedicinal Agents (6 decks)

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