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Exams #4 > quizlet > Flashcards

quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

What is primarily absorbed in the small intestine?

A

vitamins

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2
Q

40% - 90% efficiency

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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3
Q

50% - 90% efficiency

A

Water-Soluble Vitamins

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4
Q

What requires dietary fat to be absorbed?

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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5
Q

True OR False: fat malabsorption can lead to deficiency // fat

A

True

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6
Q

True OR False: intestinal diseases and alcohol abuse can lead to a deficiency // water

A

True

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7
Q

Vitamin A // what are the 3 different forms active in the body (retinoids)?

A

Retinol (vision)
Retinal (reproduction, storage)
Retinoic Acid (cell growth)

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8
Q

What can be converted to vitamin A?

A

carotenoids

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9
Q

What is derived from plants?

A

carotenoids

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10
Q

carotenoids

A

beta carotene (antioxidant)

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11
Q

What helps maintain a clear cornea?

A

Vitamin A

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12
Q

What helps convert light energy to nerve impulses in the retina?

A

Vitamin A

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13
Q

Sperm // Fatal development

A

Vitamin A

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14
Q

What regulates cell growth and maintains normal cell function?

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

True OR False: Vitamin A supports reproduction

A

True

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16
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • night blindness and blindness
  • risk of infectious diseases
  • large problem in developing countries
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17
Q

What is needed for making and maintaining bones?

A

Vitamin D

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18
Q

What enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus?

A

Vitamin D

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19
Q

What protects against cognitive decline?

A

Vitamin D

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20
Q

Selenium food sources

A
  • brazil nuts
  • meats
  • milk
  • eggs
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21
Q

Iodine food sources

A
  • seafood
  • seaweed
  • iodized salt
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22
Q

magnesium food sources

A
  • tomato juice
  • tofu
  • broccoli
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23
Q

calcium food sources

A
  • milk
  • cheese
  • yogurt
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24
Q

Folate Food Source

A
  • broccoli
  • lentils
  • pinto beans
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25
Q

what creates a calcium deficiency?

A

vitamin D deficiency

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26
Q

What can be caused by not drinking fortified milk

A

vitamin d deficiency

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27
Q

what can be caused by lack of sun exposure

A

vitamin d deficiency

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28
Q

what stops the chain reaction of free radicals?

A

vitamin E

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29
Q

what protects cells and their membranes?

A

vitamin E

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30
Q

Vitamin E is an

A

antioxidant

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31
Q

Vitamin E food sources

A
  • veggie oil
  • salad oils
  • margarine
  • nuts
  • seed
  • avocado
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32
Q

What is high doses can affect anticoagulants?

A

Vitamin K // toxicity

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33
Q

True OR False: Vitamin K toxicity is not common

A

True

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34
Q

True OR False: Vitamin K toxicity has an UL

A

False // it does not

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35
Q

Vitamin K food sources

A
  • green fruits
  • green veggies
  • kiwi
  • spinach
  • kale
  • avocado
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36
Q

Vitsmin B5 food sources

A
  • veal
  • turkey
  • milk
  • sunflower seeds
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37
Q

True OR False: Vitamin B5 deficiency is rare

A

True

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38
Q

True OR False: Vitamin B5 toxicity has no UL

A

True

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39
Q

retinol form

A

alcohol

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40
Q

retinal form

A

aldehyde

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41
Q

retinoic acid form

A

acid

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42
Q

How does Vitamin A toxicity occur?

A
  • it develops when binding proteins are loaded
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43
Q

Where is vitamin A stored in animals?

A

liver

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44
Q

golden rice and biofortified foods contain what?

A

vitamin A

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45
Q

plant sources: dark leafy greens, yellow or orange contain what?

A

vitamin A

46
Q

What is not an essential nutrient?

A

Vitamin D

47
Q

what constitutes to the majority of the body weight?

A

water

48
Q

what carries nutrients and waste products?

A

water

49
Q

what maintains the structure of large molecules?

A

water

50
Q

what participates in metabolic reactions?

A

water

51
Q

what serves as a solvent? (dissolves substances)

A

water

52
Q

what aids in regulation of body temp

A

water

53
Q

what acts as a lubricant and cushion (saliva, tears)

A

water

54
Q

what maintains blood volume

A

water

55
Q

What factors influence fluid needs?

A
  • body size
  • physical activity
  • dietary intake
  • temp/humidity
56
Q

15 cups of water? 3.7

A

adult men

57
Q

11 cups of water? 2.7

A

adult women

58
Q

what are the results of fluid imbalance?

A
  • dehydration
  • hyponatremia
59
Q

is hyponatremia (water intoxication) rare?

A

yes

60
Q

What are the risks of hyponatremia?

A
  • kidney diseases
  • supplemental fluid or over-diluted formula for infants
  • overconsumption during endurance events
61
Q

do electrolytes attract water?

A

yes

62
Q

T OR F: Trace minerals and major minerals are both vital

A

True

63
Q

Electrolytes -

A

major minerals

64
Q

Electrolytes are minerals we need in ____ amounts from the diet

A

large

65
Q

Electrolytes function in ____ contraction and ____ impulses.

A
  • muscle
  • nerve
66
Q

What helps regulate fluid balance in the body by attracting water with its positive and negative charges?

A

electrolytes

67
Q

what are the roles of sodium in the body?

A
  • principal electrolyte of extracellular fluid
  • primary regulator of blood volume
  • nerve impulse transmission
68
Q

Kidneys filler out and return what?

A

sodium

69
Q

majority of dietary sodium comes from what?

A
  • food processing
  • restaurant foods
70
Q

Vitamin K deficiency is

A

rare

71
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin K?

A
  • phylloquinone: plant form
  • menaquinone: animal form
72
Q

more than half of what is found in bones?

A

magnesium

73
Q

what maintains bone health?

A

magnesium

74
Q

what is necessary for energy metabolism and ATP production

A

magnesium

75
Q

what inhibits muscle contraction and blood clotting?

A

magnesium

76
Q

what supports the normal function of the immune system?

A

magnesium

77
Q

magnesium deficiency ____ occurs

A

rarely

78
Q

magnesium deficiency occurs with ___

A

diseases

79
Q

magnesium deficiency -

A

impairs central nervous system activity

80
Q

what cofactors to enzymes? (making amino acids)

A
  • iron
81
Q

Iron’s other roles:

A
  • electron transport chain to make ATP
  • Helps make hemoglobin and myoglobin
    (protein in red blood cells and muscle cells)
82
Q

what are the types of iron?

A
  • heme iron
  • nonheme iron
83
Q

where is heme iron found?

A
  • found in animal food: higher bioavailability
84
Q

where is non-heme iron found?

A

found in plant and animal food: lower bioavailability (not easily absorbed)

85
Q

What enhances the absorption of non-heme iron?

A

Vitamin C

86
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide?

A

iron

87
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency (Anemia)

A
  • extreme fatigue
  • weakness
  • pale skin
  • chest pain
  • fast heartbeat
  • brittle nails
88
Q

men need _mg/day of iron

A

8

89
Q

women of reproductive age need __mg/day

A

18

90
Q

Iron is found in what food sources?

A
  • meats
  • fish
  • poultry
  • legumes
  • eggs
91
Q

zinc is an essential ___ element required for various metabolic reactions

A

trace

92
Q

all cells contain ___ but the highest concentrations are found in muscle and bone.

A

zinc

93
Q

the highest concentrations of zinc are found in what?

A

muscle and bone

94
Q

_mg/day of zinc for women

A

8

95
Q

__mg/day of zinc for men

A

11

96
Q

zinc is uncommon in the ___

A

US

97
Q

What are the effects of zinc deficiency?

A
  • growth retardation (stunting)
  • impaired immune response
  • central nervous system damage
98
Q

fluoride is found where?

A

in bones and teeth

99
Q

most bottled water lack ____

A

fluoride

100
Q

chromium enhances ___ action

A

insulin

101
Q

chromium is found in

A

Lots of foods
-unrefined foods
- whole grains, veggies, and protein foods

102
Q

__ug/d of chromium for men

A

35

103
Q

__ug/d of chromium for women

A

25

104
Q

Chromium has no …

A

UL

105
Q

molybdenum cofactors for _____

A

enzymes

106
Q

where can you find molybdenum?

A
  • legumes
  • grains
  • leafy
  • green veggies
  • milk
  • nuts
107
Q

t or f: molybdenum toxicity is rare

A

true

108
Q

copper’s roles in the body

A
  • a constituent of enzymes
    (energy metabolism)
  • iron metabolism
  • defense against oxidative damage
109
Q

copper deficiency is possibly linked to what disease?

A

cardiovascular disease

110
Q

Copper food sources:

A
  • legumes
    -whole grains
  • nuts
  • shellfish
  • seeds
  • water delivered through copper plumbing
111
Q
A

Exams #4 (2 decks)

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