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RADT 1200 > Radiation Monitoring > Flashcards

Radiation Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of monitoring?

A

To ensure that occupational exposure is kept well below annual dose equivalent limits

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2
Q

How much of the annual ADE in one year requires workers to be monitored?

A

one fourth (1/4) or more (1.25 REM)

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3
Q

For any personnel that might receive #% (# REM) of the annual EfD in any one month is required to be monitored.

A

10%, 5 REM

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4
Q

Measures only the exposure received in the area in which it is worn.

A

Monitoring device

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5
Q

Where should a monitoring device be worn?

A

Where it will give an indication of exposure to the trunk (waist or chest level)

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6
Q

During fluoro, specials, or mobile procedures where exposure levels are highest and aprons will be worn, where should the badge be located?

A

At collar level

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7
Q

During fluoro, specials, or mobile procedures the eyes, head, and neck receive #-# times more exposure than the trunk.

A

10-20

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8
Q

During what circumstances can an additional film badge be worn under the apron at waist level? (should also be color coded, so they will not get mixed up)

A

If technologist is pregnant

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9
Q

Some technologists (specials) receive high levels of exposure to the hands and may wear?

A

a ring type of film badge

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10
Q

What type of record should become a part of the permanent employment?

A

record of exposure

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11
Q

What do the following characteristics describe?

  1. Lightweight, easy to carry, durable materials, reasonable cost
  2. Able to detect and record small and large exposures in a constant manner
  3. Heat, humidity, and mechanical shock should not affect the performance
A

Personnel dosimeters

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12
Q

This is a new technology that uses a special detector and laser technology. It provides greater precision, accuracy, and sensitivity than any of the other dosimeters.

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

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13
Q

Which filters are used for OSL devices?

A

Al, Tin, and Cu

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14
Q

Describe the sensitivity of OSL

  1. Accuracy as low as # mrem
  2. Is it the most sensitive than other types?
A
  1. 1 mrem

2. Yes

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15
Q

Which device do the following advantages describe?

  1. Lightweight, good durability, easily carried
  2. Tamperproof blister pack
  3. Can be completely read again
A

OSL

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16
Q

Which device do the following disadvantages describe?

  1. Only records where it is worn
  2. Exposure level cannot be determines on day it occured
  3. Not effective unless worn
A

OSL

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17
Q

These are still used, but not to the extend as in previous years; economical, records whole body exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period and has several parts.

A

Film badges

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18
Q

This describes which component of the film badges:

plastic, low Z# material

A

Film holder

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19
Q

Uses aluminum or copper– allows the measurement of the approximate energy of the radiation reaching the device.

A

Filters for film badges

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20
Q

What can filter shadows determine?

A
  1. Energy of radiation
  2. Direction of radiation
  3. Whether radiation came from scatter or primary beam
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21
Q

Special radiation-dosimetry film– sensitive to 10 mrem- 500 rem. The outside forms a light-free envelope for the film. A sheet of lead foil backs the film to absorb scatter.

A

Film packet

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22
Q

How is the density measure when the film from a film badge is processed?

A

Using a densitometer

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23
Q

The results from the densitometer when measuring density from film is compared to?

A

Characteristic curve for a control badge

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24
Q

Where should a control badge be kept?

A

In a radiation-free environment

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25
Q

What happens when a control badge has a reading anywhere over 0?

A

An investigation must be initiated to determine the source of exposure

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26
Q

What is the function of the control badge?

A

It is compared with the other badges after they have been returned

27
Q

What does the letter ‘M’ represent, what is the range in which ‘M’ would indicate?

A

The amount received was below the measurable minimum recorded (10 mR)

28
Q

EfD data:

  1. Deep dose is EfD limit from all types of radiation at a depth of # CM in soft tissue
  2. Shallow dose is EfD limit from all types of radiation at a depth of # CM in soft tissue
A
  1. 1 CM

2. .007 CM

29
Q

Which type of EfD is used for quarter, year to date, and lifetime?

A

Cumulative EfD

30
Q

What is the main advantage for film badges?

A

Permanent legal record

31
Q

These advantages describe which device?

  1. Durable and economical
  2. Reliable for x, gamma, and some beta radiation
A

Film badges

32
Q

These disadvantages describe which device?

  1. Not effective unless worn
  2. Temperature and humidity can fog film over time
  3. Recommend changing badge every month
  4. Exposure level cannot be determined on day it occured
A

Film badges

33
Q

Describe the sensitivity of film badges as compared to other devices?

A
  1. Other devices are more accurate

2. Most sensitive to radiation at an energy level of at least 50 keV

34
Q

Which device does this describe:

  1. Exterior looks similar to film badge but interior is different
  2. Contains crystalline form of lithium fluoride which is its sensing material
  3. Ionizing radiation causes lithium fluoride to undergo changes in its physical properties and analyzer reads it
A

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

35
Q

What are 4 advantages of TLD in comparison to film badge?

A
  1. Lithium fluoride crystals interact with ionizing radiation in the same way as human tissue so they are very accurate
  2. Can measure very low exposure rates
  3. Not affected by humidity, pressure, and normal temp changes
  4. Can be worn for 3 months and the crystal can be reused
36
Q

These disadvantages describe which device?

  1. High initial cost (2x a film badge)
  2. Can only be read once– read out erases info
A

TLD

37
Q

This is the most sensitive personnel monitor, but is rarely used in DX radiology

A

Pocket ionization chambers (pocket dosimeters)

38
Q

This device looks like a fountain pen, but has an ionization chamber inside

A

Pocket ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter)

39
Q

What are two types of pocket dosimeters?

A
  1. Self-reading

2. Non self-reading

40
Q

Two electrodes (one + and one -), when these charges electrodes are exposed to ionizing radiation, the air surrounding the + electrode becomes ionized and discharges in direct proportion to amount of radiation received. A quartz fiber attached to + electrode moves along a scale to indicate exposure rate.

A

Component of pocket dosimeters

41
Q

These measure from 0 to 200 mR

A

Pocket dosimeters

42
Q

The following advantages describe which device?

  1. immediate readout
  2. Compact and easy to carry
  3. Accurate and sensitive
A

Pocket dosimeters

43
Q

The following disadvantages describe which device?

  1. Expensive
  2. Readouts can be lost
  3. Must be read every day
  4. Can accidentally discharge is hit too hard
  5. No permanent, legal record
A

Pocket dosimeters

44
Q

What is used when in contact with ionizing radiation and respond to the charges particles produced as radiation interacts with and ionizes air in detector?

A

Radiation survey instruments

45
Q

What are the requirements for radiation survey instruments? (list about 6 items)

A
  1. easy to carry
  2. durable and reliable
  3. interact with ionizing radiation in a manner similar to human tissue
  4. able to detect all types of radiation
  5. not affected by the energy of radiation or the direction of the radiation
  6. cost-effective
46
Q

What are three known gas-filled radiation survey units?

A
  1. Ionization chamber-type survey meter (Cutie Pie)
  2. Proportional counter
  3. Geiger-Muller detector
47
Q

This type of survey unit measures x, gamma, and beta radiation

A

Cutie Pie

48
Q

These advantages describe which type of survey unit?

  1. Measures a wide range of exposures in a few seconds over a wide range of energies
  2. 1 mR/hr to several R/hr
  3. Can be used to monitor DX x-ray installations when exposure times are 1 second or more
  4. Can measure fL dose rate
  5. Can measure exposure to patients containing therapeutic doses of radioactive materials
  6. Can measure exposure in radioisotope storage facilities
  7. Can measure dose received behind protective barriers
A

Cutie Pie

49
Q

These disadvantages describe which survey unit?

  1. Delicate detector and relatively large
  2. Requires warm-up time
  3. Cannot measure typical DX exposures of less than one second
  4. More commonly used to measure radioactive read-out from patients
A

Cutie Pie

50
Q

This survey unit is not useful in DX imaging, but it detects the difference between alpha and beta particles; and low-level radiation.

A

Proportional counter

51
Q

This is the main portable instrument for monitoring nuclear medicine areas

A

Geiger-Muller detector

52
Q

These components construct which survey instrument?

  1. Speaker making operator aware of ionizing radiation
  2. Sensitive ionization chamber that can get rapid read-out
  3. Detects electrons emitted from radioactive nuclei and photons
  4. Meter reading depends on the energy of incident photons
  5. Can become jammed and give a false reading when in high-intensity radiation areas
A

Geiger-Muller detector

53
Q

As a second monitor when a protective apron is worn and during lengthy procedures, some facilities require the personnel to wear 2 dosimeters located where?
EX. Cardiac cath procedure

A

One at collar level, and the other at waist level worn inside the lead apron

54
Q

For a primary beam at 100 kVp and 250 mAs at a distance of 40 in. (100 cm) through a 0.5 mm lead apron what is the transmission through the apron (in a percentage)

A

roughly 3.2%

55
Q

This dosimeter can be worn up to one year, although common practice is to wear it between 1-3 months

A

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter

56
Q

What company is an example that relates to OSL dosimeters?

A

Landauer

57
Q

Which filter for the OSL provides the least absorption?

A

Aluminum (Al)

58
Q

Which filter for the OSL provides the most attenuation?

A

Copper (Cu)

59
Q

Each layer of OSL represents different penetration depths that corresponds with deep, eye, and shallow:

  1. Deep= # cm or more
  2. Eye= # cm
  3. Shallow= below # cm (or at the surface)
A
  1. 1 CM or more
  2. 0.3 CM
  3. 0.01 CM
60
Q

Maximum EqD measurement for x-ray and gamma ray for OSL is # sV (how much rem?)

A

10 sV (1000 rem)

61
Q

This is a fairly new device that provides radiation workers with an immediate measurement of radiation exposure while including features such as long-term exposure tracking

  • it is small in size (similar to a USB flash drive)
  • it provides an instant read-out of the dose information when connected to a computer (USB)
A

Digital Ionization dosimeter

62
Q
  • When it’s connected to a computer, a small voltage delivered to a transistor “gate” provides a digital signal “readout” that reflects the radiation exposure of the dosimeter
  • It has built-in memory chips that may be used to store data on the user and the facility
A

Digital Ionization dosimeter

63
Q

A graphical representation of the current dose will load on the screen where several reports are documented such as:

  1. Radiation exposure summary report
  2. History detail report
  3. Who has not read their device
A

Digital Ionization dosimeter

RADT 1200 (2 decks)

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