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Reviso de Radiologia > Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Radiation that possesses the ability to remove electrons from atoms by a process called ionization

A

Ionizing radiation

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2
Q

Effects of radiation on the body being irradiated

A

Somatic effects

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3
Q

Effects of radiation on the genetic code of a cell

-affects the next generation

A

Genetic effects

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4
Q

Radiation contained in the unpolluted environment

A

Natural background radiation

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5
Q

Man-made radiation ex. medical X-rays

A

Artificially produced radiation

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6
Q

Radiation exiting the X-ray tube

A

Primary radiation

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7
Q

X-rays that emerge from the pt and strike the image receptor

A

Exit radiation
Remnant radiation
Image producing radiation

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8
Q

Absorption and scatter (loss of intensity)of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient

A

Attenuation

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9
Q

X’ray beam that contaminas photons of many different energies

A

Heterogeneous beam

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10
Q

Absorption of x-ray photons in the atom of the body

A

Photoelectric effect

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11
Q

Scatter of xray photons from the atoms of the body

A

Compton effect

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12
Q

Air kerma

A

Unit of exposure

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13
Q

Unit of absorbed dose, measured in joules per kg

A

Gray

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14
Q

Unit of activity

A

Becquerel

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15
Q

Sievert

A

Unit of effective dose

Unit of equivalent dose

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16
Q

upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual; effective dose implies whole-body radiation exposure

A

Effective dose limit

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17
Q

lifetime occupational exposure must not exceed the radiographer’s age multiplied by 10 mSv

A

Cumulative effective dose

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18
Q

equal to the efective dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor

A

Equivalent dose

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19
Q

randomly occurring effects of radiation; the probability of such efects is proportional to the dose (increased dose equals increased probability, not severity, of efects)

A

Probabilistic (stochastic) effects

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20
Q

effects of radiation that become more severe at high levels of radiation exposure and do not occur below a certain threshold dose

A

Deterministic effects

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21
Q

average annual gonadal dose of radiation to individuals of childbearing age; addresses the relationship of gonadal doses to individuals versus an entire population and the overall efects

A

GSD

Genetically significant dose

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22
Q

Amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue

A

LET

Linear energy transfer

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23
Q

Ability to produce biological damage; varies by the LET

A

RBE relative biological effectiveness

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24
Q

Effect that occurs when radiation directly strikes DNA in the cellular nucleus

A

Direct effect

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25
Q

Effect that occurs when radiation strikes the water molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Indirect effect

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26
Q

Effect that occurs as radiation energy is deposited in the water of the cell; the result of radiolysis is an ion pair in the cell: a positively charged water molecule (HOH+) and a free electron

A

Radiolysis of water

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27
Q

Erroneous information passed too subsequent generations via cell division

A

Mutation

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28
Q

Cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing

A

Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau

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29
Q

Early somatic effects of radiation include

A

Hematopoietic syndrome
GI syndrome
Central nervous system syndrome

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30
Q

Late somatic effects of radiation

A 
Carcinogenesis 
Cataractogenesis
embryollogic effects
Thyroid dysfunction
Life span shortening
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31
Q

Cardinal principles of radiation protection

A
  1. Time
  2. Distance
  3. Shielding
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32
Q

Best protection against radiation exposure

A

Distance

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33
Q

Average dose of radiation to the bone marrow

A

Mean marrow dose

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34
Q

Used to define radiation exposure or radiation delivered to a specific point

A

Air Kerma

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35
Q

Described as energy absorption per kilogram of tissue irradiated

A

1 Gy= 1 joule/kilogram

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36
Q

Kerma is an acronym for

A

Kinetic energy released in matter/mass/material

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37
Q

Sometimes used to measure exposure, though preferred unit is air kerma

A

Coulombs/kg

38
Q

Unit of absorbed dose

A

Amount of energy absorbed per unit of mass tissue; expressed as Gy

39
Q

Unit of equivalent dose

A

Product of absorbed dose (Gy) times the radiation weighting factor (W^R)

40
Q

High ionization radiations such as alpha particles and neutrons have _____ LET

A

High (cause more biological damage))

41
Q

Estimates the risk present when various tissues are irradiated

A

Unit of effective dose

Takes into account the relative radio sensitive of the irradiated organ or body part

42
Q

Absorbed dose is measured in

A

Gray

Air kerma is GY^A
Absorbed dose in tissue is Gy^t

43
Q

Unit of effective or equivalent dose

A

Sievert (Sv)

44
Q

Unit of radioactivity

A

Becquerel (Bq)

45
Q

Who is primarily responsible for protecting the patient from unnecessary exposure?

A

Radiographer

46
Q

Involves a transfer of energy through photon-tissue interactions

A

X-radiation exposure

47
Q

The ability to remove electron from atoms

A

Ionization

48
Q

What are some results of ionization in human cells (5)

A
  1. Unstable atoms
  2. Free electrons
  3. Production of low energy X-rays
  4. Formation of new molecules harmful to the cell
  5. Cell damage may be exhibited as abnormal function or loss of function
49
Q

General types of radiation damage

A

Somatic

Genetic

50
Q

Radiation damage to the exposed individuals

A

Somatic

51
Q

Radiation damage to the genetic code of the germ cell contained in the DNA; may be passed to the next generation

A

Genetic damage

52
Q

What is the greatest source of natural background exposure

A

Radon

53
Q

Human produced radiation is caused by

A

Human activities like medical imaging

54
Q

What account for the largest increase in total medial dose

A

ct

55
Q

Total radiation dose to the US population has _____ since the 1980s

A

DOUBLED

56
Q

Radiation exiting the X-ray tube

A

Primary radiation

57
Q

X-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor; composed of primary and scattered photons

A

Exit radiation

Image producing radiation

58
Q

Loss of intensity

A

Scatter

59
Q

Absorption and scatter of the X-ray beam as it passes through the patient

A

Attenuation

60
Q

Explain photoelectric interaction

A

Photon absorption interaction

  • produces contrast in X-ray image
  • complete absorption of an incoming xray photon

Incoming X-ray photon strikes a K-shell electron, electron is ejected (now a photoelectron), photon releases energy and is absorbed, hole in k-shell is filled by outer shells

61
Q

Photoelectric interaction results in ______ dose to patient

A

Increased

62
Q

How does a photoelectric interaction affect a radiograph?

A

Produces contrast in the radiograph because of the differential absorption of the incoming X-ray photons in the tissue

63
Q

Modified scattering is also known as

A

Compton scattering

64
Q

Incoming xray photon strikes a loosely bound outer shell electron
Photon transfers part of its energy to the electron
Electron is removed from orbit as scattered electron (recoil electron)
Ejected electrons may ionize other atoms
Photon scatters in another direction with less energy
Scatter goes everywhere

A

Compton interatction

65
Q

Also known as classical scatter

A

Coherent scatter

66
Q

Produced by low energy xray photons
Electrons are not removed but vibrate because of photon energy
Ionization does not occur but scatter does
Doesn’t affect images with less than 70kv

A

Coherent scatter

67
Q

Describes the changes in intensity of the xray beam as it traverses the patient

A

Attenuation

68
Q

What are the 2 significant photon tissue Interactions for xray

A

Photoelectric

Compton

69
Q

This interaction results in complete absorption of an incoming xray photon. This interaction produces contrast in the xray image

A

Photoelectric interaction

70
Q

It’s interaction results in the scattering of the incoming xray photon. Scatter produced by this interaction must be removed from the beam before it trike the image receptor

A

Compton interaction

71
Q

Main source of of exposure to the tech or rad during fluoro

A

Compton scatter

72
Q

Enforces radiation protection standards relating to radioactive material at the federal level

A

Nuclear regulatory commission

NRC

73
Q

Upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual

A

Effective dose limit

74
Q

Explain linear-nonthreshold relationships

A
  • indicates that no level off radiation can be considered completely safe
  • a response occurs at every dose
  • the degree of the response to exposure is directly proportional to the amt of radiation received
75
Q

Explain the linear-threshold relationship

A
  • indicates that at lower dose of radiation exposure no response is expected
  • when the threshold dose is exceeded, te response is directly proportional to the dose received
76
Q

Explain nonlinear-nonthreshold relationship

A
  • indicates that no level of radiation can be considered safe
  • a response occurs at every dose
  • the degree of response is not directly proportional to the dose received
  • the effect is large even with a small increase in dose
77
Q

Explain nonlinear-threshold relationship

A
  • indicates that at lower dose of radiation exposure, no response is expected
  • when the threshold dose is exceeded, the response is not directly proportional to the dose received and is increasingly effective per unit dose
78
Q

Randomly occurring effects of radiation; the probability of such effects is proportional to the dose (increased dose = increased probability of effects but not severity)

A

Stochastic effects

79
Q

Effects that become more severe at high levels of radiation exposure and do not occur below a certain threshold dose

A

Deterministic effects

80
Q

Recommends balance between the risk and benefit of using radiation for diagnostic imaging

A

NCRP report #116

81
Q

Occupational exposure annual effective dose limit

A

50 mSv

82
Q

Occupational exposure annual equivalent dose for determinist effects of
Eye lens
Skin, hands, feet

A

Lens 150 mSv

Skin, hands, feet 500 mSv

83
Q

How do you calculate effective dose limit

A

Age(in years) x 10 mSv

84
Q

Students annual effective dose limit

A

50 mSv

85
Q

General public annual effective dose limit for frequent exposure

A

1 mSv

86
Q

General public annual effective dose limit for infrequent exposure

A

5 mSv

87
Q

Embryo fetus limit per month dose

A

0.5 mSv

88
Q

Embryo fetus total equivalent dose for gestation

A

5 mSv

89
Q

States that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe, and the degree of response is directly proportional to the amount of radiation received

A

Linear-nonthreshold relationship

90
Q

Contains recommendations for annual dose limits

A

NCRP report 116

Reviso de Radiologia (3 decks)

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