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Question 1

CPT-I regulation in FA catabolism

Answer 1

• Malonyl CoA

Question 2

Essential AA’s

Answer 2

TV MAP To G HILL
Threonine (Thr), valine (Val), methionine (Met), arginine (Arg), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), lysine (Lys), leucine (Leu)

Question 3

Ketogenic AA’s

Answer 3

Leu, Lys

Question 4

Glucogenic AA’s

Answer 4

Val, His, Arg, Asn, Gln, Met, Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Pro, Ser, Cys

Question 5

Ketogenic and glucogenic AA’s

Answer 5

Ile, Trp, Phe, Tyr, Thr

Question 6

AA’s —> Glu —> a-ketoglutarate

Answer 6

Gln, His, Arg, Pro

Question 7

AA’s —> propionyl CoA —> succinyl CoA

Answer 7

Met, Cys, Thr, Val, Ile, Leu

Question 8

AA’s —> fumerate

Answer 8

Phe

Question 9

Trp derivatives

Answer 9

Serotonin (pain perception, appetite, mood), melanin, niacin

Question 10

Ser derivative

Answer 10

Acetylcholine

Question 11

Tyr derivatives

Answer 11

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, melanin

Question 12

Glu derivative

Answer 12

GABA

Question 13

Ammonia removed as what in brain?

Answer 13

Glu and Gln by glutamine synthase

Question 14

Ammonia removed as what in muscle?

Answer 14

Ala by ALT

Question 15

Is NH3 or NH4+ toxic?

Answer 15

NH3 - able to permeate membranes causing pH imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 16

Creatinine made from:

Answer 16

Arg, Gly, Met

Question 17

Key molecules acting as metabolic junction points

Answer 17

G6P: glycogen, pyruvate, R5P
Pyruvate: acetyl-CoA, lactate, alanine, OAA
Acetyl CoA: CO2, ketone bodies, fatty acids

Question 18

Preferred energy sources of RBC’s, brain, adipose, liver, and muscles

Answer 18

RBC’s: glucose
Brain: glucose and ketone bodies
Adipose: glucose and FA’s
Liver: FA’s
Muscles: glucose, FA’s, and AA’s (skeletal: FA’s and ketone bodies, heart: glucose, lactate, FA’s, ketone bodies)

Question 19

Energy charge

Answer 19

ATP:ADP of a cell

Question 20

Reducing power

Question 21

Short term satiation signals

Answer 21

CCK, GLP-1, Chrelin

Question 22

Long-term satiation signals

Answer 22

Leptin, insulin

Question 23

Kwashiorkor

Answer 23

Succificient calories, deficient protein

Distended abdomen

Question 24

Marasmus

Answer 24

Protein and calorie deficiency

Emaciated, no energy

Question 25

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X)

Answer 25

One of:

• DM
• impaired glucose tolerance
• impaired fasting glucose
• insulin resistance

Two of:

• BP > 140/90 or on BP med
• dyslipidemia (high LDL, low HDL)
• central obesity: BMI >30, waist-hip ratio med >0.90, waist-hip ratio women >0.85
• microalbuminuria