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biology p1 > Random Questions? > Flashcards

Random Questions? Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Why are electron microscopes better than normal light microscopes?

A

They have a higher resolution, which means they’re used to see finer details like sun-cellar structures

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2
Q

What 3 organelles are only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplast (site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll), Permeant Vacuole (stores substances including sap) and Cell wall (made of cellulose to provide structure)

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3
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic has DNA found inside the nucleus and Prokaryotic has DNA not in a nucleus

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4
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis?

A

The nucleus dissolves and genetic material is duplicated

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5
Q

What is the 2nd and 3rd stage of mitosis?

A

2) the 2 sets of chromosomes move to opposite sides and 3) organelles are duplicated

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6
Q

What’s the final stage of mitosis?

A

The cells divides to produce 2 genetically identical diploid cells

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do human diploid and haploid cells have?

A

Diploid = 23 pairs e.g. 46 all together
Haploid = 23 chromosomes

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8
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and egg cells

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9
Q

How can the rate of diffusion/ osmosis be increased?

A

By increasing temperature (particles move faster), increasing difference in concentrations and increasing surface area

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10
Q

In the osmosis practical, how can we use the graph to deduce the concentration in the potato?

A

Interpolate using a line of best for: the concentration at which there would be no change in mass must be the same as the concentration inside the potato

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11
Q

Where is amylase made, and what does it do?

A

Amylase is an enzyme secreted by your salivary glands and pancreas and it breaks down starch into glucose

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12
Q

What are villi?

A

They are cells in your small intestine which absorb nutrients into the bloodstream and their hair-like shale means they have a large surface area, maximising the rate of absorption

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13
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are special proteins that act as biological catalysts, facilitating crucial chemical reactions. This can include the breaking down of longer molecules (polymers) into shorter ones (monomers)

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14
Q

What is menat by the fact that enzymes are specific?

A

They only break down certain molecules due to their ‘lock and key’ nature: only substances that have the right shape will bind to the enzyme’s active site

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15
Q

What increases enzyme activity, and what does it mean when it denatures?

A

Increasing temperature increased enzyme activity due to the particles having more kinetic energy. That is until it denatures (the active site changing shape) it also happens when the pH is too low or high

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16
Q

What do carbohydrates break down?

A

Complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

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17
Q

What do proteases break down?

A

Proteins into amino acids

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18
Q

What do Lipases break down?

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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19
Q

In the enzyme practical, how do you know that the amylase has broken down all of the starch?

A

The solution will no longer cause the iodine to change colour

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20
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Turns Iodine from orange to black

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21
Q

What is the test for sugar?

A

Turns Benedict’s solution from blue to orange

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22
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Turns biuret’s reagent from blue to purple

23
Q

What’s the test for lipids (fats)?

A

Turns cold ethanol cloudy

24
Q

What’s the function and structure of alveoli?

A

They are the air sacs in your lungs where gas exchange ochre and they have a large surface area to maximise the rate of diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide out of the blood system

25
Q

What’s the function and structure of red blood cells?

A

They transport oxygen to all the cells in your body for respiration and oxygen binds to the harmogoblin the red blood cells as their buconcave shape maximises their surface area and therefore also the oxygen they can transport

26
Q

Is the vena cava from the body or into the body?

A

From the body

27
Q

What are the hearts left and rights called?

A

Ventricles (lower) and Atriums (upper)

28
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go?

A

To the lungs

29
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein come from?

A

The lungs

30
Q

Where does the aorta go?

A

To the body

31
Q

How is the left side of the heart different from the right, and why?

A

It has a thicker wall to deal with the higher pressure as it pumps blood to the whole body (whereas the right side only pumps blood to the lungs)

32
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

Carry blood away form the heart and they have thick walls and lumen to withstand higher pressure

33
Q

What do Veins do?

A

They carry blood back to the heart and they have thin walls and wide lumen to prevent the back flow of deoxygenated blood

34
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They’re 1 cell thick walls to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells

35
Q

What are examples of non-communicable diseases?

A

Diabetes, heart disease (CHD) , liver disease and Lung disease

36
Q

What causes diabetes?

A

Obesity and poor diet

37
Q

What causes heart disease (CHD)?

A

Poor diet and lack of exercise

38
Q

What causes liver disease and lung disease?

A

Liver = alcohol
Lung = smoking

39
Q

What is cancer?

A

An auto-immune disease when damaged cells provide uncontrollably, forming tumours

40
Q

What are Carcinogens?

A

They increase the risk of cancer developing

41
Q

What is benign and malignant cancers?

A

Benign = not spread
Malignant = spread

42
Q

What is the function of a Xylem?

A

It’s unbroken tubes that run the length of a plant, carrying water upwards by transpiration

43
Q

What is the function of Phloem?

A

They are tubes of cells that carry nutrients up and down the plant by active transport

44
Q

How can the rate of transpiration be increase?

A

By increasing temperature, increasing air flow and a larger surface area of leaves

45
Q

What is special about the meristem of a plant?

A

Stem cells are made in the meristem and then specialise

46
Q

What is the function of waxy cuticle?

A

It’s waterproof layer stops water evaporating form the top of the leaf

47
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll?

A

It’s cells with lots of chloroplasts; most photosynthesis occurs here

48
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll?

A

It’s where gas exchange takes place and it’s full of gaps to increase surface to maximise rate of diffusion

49
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

They control the size of the stomata, through which gases enter and exit (including water)

50
Q

What does plants use glucose for?

A

Respiration, making starch and fat to store energy, making cellulose and making amino acids for proteins

51
Q

What will increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increased temp (unless too high), increased light intensity and increased carbon dioxide levels

52
Q

What happens to the light intensity on a plant if the distance from the light source is doubled?

A

It quarters due to the inverse square relationship

53
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells and how do they combat viruses?

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies that bind to the viruses antigens and Phagocytes ingest and destroy them

54
Q

What is used in a double blind trial?

A

A placebo (fake drug)

biology p1 (5 decks)

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